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Chapter 14: The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia European explorers mainly set sail for wealth. Other reasons include: Fame Glory Spread religion Asia source of spices from the Moluccas Moluccas were in present day Indonesia. Italian’s controlled the trade between Asia and Europe Why would they want to Explore? Fame and Glory Religion $$$$$$$$$$$$$ Spread Catholicism Technology made this possible. Compass allow you to know which direction was North. Astrolabe allowed you to plot position based on sun and stars. Portugal was the first country to launch large scale voyages of exploration, under the leadership of Prince Henry. King John I was responsible for sending explorers on expeditions. He wanted to find a water route around Africa. Bartolomeu Dias was first European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa. Turned around because of storms. Vasco da Gama was the first person to sail around the tip of Africa to India. It would take him 10 months. Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil. Christopher Columbus sailed for America in 1492. It took him two months. Thought he reached India. Spain’s appeal to the Spanish Pope Pope Alexander VI was of Spanish decent. Spain asked for him to allow Spain to dominate the findings of the new world. Pope set a Line of Demarcation Dividing the “new world” into two trading and exploration zones Spain Portugal Agreement was known as Treaty of Tordesillas Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast of South America in 1502, and decided that he had reached a new land. It was named America in his honor. Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an expedition across Panama, becoming the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men. They were at sea for months and Magellan would be killed at the Philippines. In 1522, three years later, 18 of his men were able to reach Spain. 1st to circumnavigate Portuguese challenge Italy Portuguese established footholds on the coast of West Africa, building forts and trading posts. Built posts in East Africa in Mombassa Malindi They were able to take over the Arabs thriving trade network. Slave Trade Slavery had existed since ancient times. Think about Spartacus? Europeans viewed slaves as an important source of African trade. Profitable business to fill cheap labor. Labor needed for large plantations in Americas Destroys many African states Portuguese in Southern India The Portuguese gained a strong foothold in Southern India, by promising princes protection against other European powers. The Portuguese built a trading empire through military and merchant outposts. For most of the 1500’s, they controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia. Dutch vs. Portuguese The Dutch challenged Portugal’s domination of Asian trade in 1599. Dutch warships and trading vessels made the Netherlands a leader in European commerce. In 1602, a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company, which had full sovereign powers. With its power to build armies, wage war, negotiate peace treaties, and govern overseas territory, the Dutch East India Company dominated Southeast Asia. Spain took over the Philippines, which became a key link in Spain’s colonial empire. Mughal Empire India was the center of spice trade. The Mughal Empire was larger, richer, and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. When Europeans sought trading rights, Mughal emperors saw no threat in granting them. The Portuguese- later the Dutch, British and French- were permitted to build forts and warehouses.. Mughal Weakened Over time, Mughal power weakened and Dutch, English and French would all establish their own Companies to deal in tea. British formed the British East India Tea Company. Each nation’s trading company organized its own army of sepoys, or Indian troops. Chinese silk and porcelains European textiles were inferior to Chinese products. Chinese demanded payment in gold and silver. The Ming rulers allowed Portuguese and other European trading post. The brilliant Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci made a strong impression on the Chinese, who welcomed learning more about the Renaissance. Ming Dynasty falls, Qing Dynasty comes to power In 1644, Ming Dynasty disappeared and the Qing Dynasty took over. The Chinese economy expanded, international trade grew, as did the demand for Chinese goods all around the world. Like China, Korea restricted trade with outside world. Korea choose isolationism. Korea became known as the “Hermit Kingdom.” Korea Like China, Korea restricted trade with outside world. Korea choose isolationism. Korea became known as the “Hermit Kingdom.” Japan The Japanese first welcomed Westerners. Traders arrived in Japan during turbulent time, when warrior lords were struggling for power. Shoguns Distrust The Tokugawa shoguns worried that Japanese Christians gave their loyalty to the pope and not Japanese leaders, so shoguns expelled foreign missionaries and European merchants. Japan remained isolated for 200 years. Chapter 15 Conquest in Americas Map 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth CenturyCaption:By the middle of the century, the monarchs of western Europe had unified their realms and begun to build royal bureaucracies and standing armies and navies. These states, all with extensive Atlantic coastlines, sponsored the voyages that inaugurated the era of European colonization. In 1497, English explorer John Cabot reached California and sailed north to try to find a route back to the Atlantic. Jacques Cartier left France in 1534 and sailed past Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence River. European Invasion In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the Caribbean and used it to stage their successive wars of conquest in North and South America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific, mounted the last of the colonial invasions in the eighteenth century. The French land at the mouth of the St. Johns River The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth of the St. Johns River in Florida. The image shows the local Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that the Timucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the Spanish, who had plundered the coast many times in pursuit of slaves. Henry Hudson set sail in 1609 to find a Northwest Passage but instead found the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay. Giovanni da Verazzano had actually found the Hudson River first. First areas settled by the Spanish were the Caribbean Islands. Started encomienda system which required natives to work for a colonist. Colonist was then supposed to teach the native Christianity. Spanish bring smallpox, measles and influenza Hernan Cortes would lead an expedition into Mexico which ended in the conquest of the Aztecs. He was called a conquistador and they used guns and armor to defeat the Aztecs. Francisco Pizarro led an expedition to Peru in 1530. He defeated the Inca’s because they were weakened by disease. Spain’s impact on America Spain’s impact on the Americas was immense. Spain took fortunes of gold and silver, making Spain the greatest power in Europe. They opened sea routes that opened exchange between two hemispheres. They also brought disease that devastated the Native Americans. Many Natives converted to Christianity. Cruelties Used by the Spaniards on the Indians North America's Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Caption The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations. New France was located in what is now Canada. The French were searching for gold but made money through trade. Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608. Rene-Robert La Salle sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in 1692. More Spanish Influence Bartholome de Las Casas spoke out of the treatment of Native Americans. Spread Catholicism with natives. Encomienda disappeared but not because of de la Casa, but because of overwork, malnutrition and disease. Diseases devastated Natives. Chicken pox, measles, small pox, and typhus allowed the Spanish to easily conquer the natives. More Spanish Influence Native populations declined by 90% in some region. To replace Native labor they turned to Africa. 1st slaves in West Indies during 1500’s. By 1540- 10,000 enslaved Africans were working on Sugar plantation’s. Pensinsulares Pensinsulares (Spanish Social Structure) Wealthy/ Government Officials= Criollas= Spanish born in colonies Artisans= Mestizos= men and women born of European and Indian parents Farmers/ Laborers= American Indians, Africans and Zambos (Indian/ African mix) France in Americas New France was located in what is now Canada. The French searched for gold but instead made a fortune in trade. The French did not try to enslave the Indians, instead keeping them for allies. Harsh winters discouraged settlers from farming and many turned to fishing and trapping. Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608. Rene-Robert La Salle sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in 1692. The Dutch established a colony called New Netherland in the Hudson River Valley. New Netherland bought the island of Manhattan from Indians and founded the city of New Amsterdam, which would later become New York City. English Settle in Americas The first permanent English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607. 80 percent of the settlers died in the first year. In 1620, another group of people, Pilgrims, set sail and reached Plymouth, Massachusetts. The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I They were English Protestants who rejected the Church of England. In 1600’s and 1700’s England developed 13 colonies. Some were commercial ventures and others were havens for religious groups. Some were primarily agricultural. English monarchs exercised control through royal governors. English colonist enjoyed a greater degree of self-government than did French and Spanish colonists. 1700’s, England and France emerged as powerful rivals. In 1754, the French and Indian War broke out. British would prevail with the capture of Quebec. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the world wide conflict. Colonists and Indians traded with each other and this became known as the Columbian Exchange. New foods and animals would be introduced to both people. These foods would help Europeans live longer and healthier. Europeans would bring disease to America. Indians had no resistance to diseases such as small pox, measles, influenza, and malaria. North American Indian population would decrease from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 by 1900. During the 1500s, Europeans would develop a new type of economic policy called mercantilism. A nation’s strength depended on its wealth. A country could build its wealth in two ways: extract gold and silver from mines or sell more goods than it bought. During the 1500s and 1600s, capitalism was created. This is when most economic activity is carried on by private individuals in order to seek a profit. Because of inflation, investors became increasingly willing to invest in overseas interests. Investors would pool their resources into joint-stock companies. Colonists first used Indians to work on plantations. They then looked to Africa. The triangular trade consisted of ships carrying European goods to Africa in exchange for slaves. The second part of the journey or middle passage, brought Africans to the Americas to be sold as slaves. The journey usually lasted three to six weeks. Between 10 and 20 percent of Africans did not survive the voyage. Most enslaved Africans worked on plantations. Living conditions were harsh. Slaves owners would inflict physical and degrading punishment for minor offenses. Slaves were considered property with no basic human rights. Slaves would revolt in many ways. Some turned to religion while others would sabotage equipment on their farms. The Atlantic Slave Trade would last for about 400 years. Between 15 and 20 million Africans were shipped to the Americas.