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Unit 1
1491-1607
Native Americans
-Culturally diverse communities
-About 400 different languages
-Adapted to their environment
-Tended to live in smaller, semi-permanent,
decentralized settlements. (some exceptions such
as Aztecs, Mayans, Incas, and Mississippians)
-Prominent crops included maize, squash and beans
(three-sisters) supplemented by hunting and fishing
-traded and fought with other tribes
-Did not view land as a commodity
-Many tribes were matrilineal
-Spiritual religion
Indirect Discoverers
-those who contributed to the discovery of the New World but
who did not actually discover it. They “set the stage” for its
discovery.
-Vinland in Newfoundland settled by Vikings. Settlements
were abandoned because they were not supported by strong
nation-states wanting to expand.
-Crusaders (11th-14th centuries) acquired a taste for Asian
goods (silk, drugs, perfumes, draperies, spices such as sugar).
Goods had to be transported long distances and go through
Muslim middlemen- dangerous and expensive.
-Marco Polo- his book stimulated European desires for a
cheaper route to the East.
The Portuguese
-The Portuguese adopted Arab and African
practices in terms of slavery. They greatly
expanded the slave trade to supply the sugar
plantations on the islands of Madeira, the Canaries,
Sao Tome, and Principe. It became “big business.”
(40,000 slaves carried away to the sugar islands in
the last half of the fifteenth century. Millions more
after the discovery of the Americas.) Origins of the
modern plantation system.
-The Portuguese adopted Arab and African
practices in terms of slavery.
-greatly expanded the slave trade to supply the
sugar plantations on the islands of Madeira, the
Canaries, Sao Tome, and Principe. It became “big
business.” (40,000 slaves carried away to the sugar
islands in the last half of the fifteenth century.
Millions more after the discovery of the Americas.)
-Origins of the modern plantation system.
Spain
-Late fifteenth century Spain became unified
after the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castile. The Muslim Moors were
expelled from Spain. This political unity and
military victory gave Spain power, confidence,
and wealth to compete with Portugal.
Setting the stage for the voyage of
Columbus
-The Portuguese voyages had demonstrated the
feasibility of long-range ocean navigation.
-Spain’s unity gave it wealth and power to
promote discovery, conquest, and colonization.
-The beginning of the Renaissance in the
fourteenth century sparked a period of optimism
and adventure. (add to this scientific knowledge)
-The printing press (about 1450) facilitated the
spread of scientific knowledge.
-The mariners compass (possibly borrowed from
the Arabs) made navigation at sea more certain.
Columbus
First voyage (1492)- exploration
Second voyage (1493)- was one of conquest. He
also brought cattle, swine and horses to
Hispaniola. -took slaves
Hispaniola- Present-day Haiti and the Dominican
Republic. Within five years, Taino population
went from about 1 million to about 200.
The Columbian Exchange
-The transmission of plants, animals, diseases,
culture, human populations, and technology
between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
-not the same as the Triangle Trade!
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
• -population growth in Europe and Africa as a result of
new foods.
•
-population decimated in the Americas as a result
of diseases.
•
-perhaps three-fifths of the crops cultivated around
the world today originated in the Americas.
•
-horses transformed some Native American
cultures
•
-Columbus brought sugar cane which thrived in
Caribbean. “Sugar Revolution.” Expansion of slavery
system.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-divided the New World between Spain and
Portugal. Most land went to Spain. Portugal
received what would become Brazil and territory in
Africa and Asia. Dividing line ran from North to
South Pole. Catholic Church helped arrange the
agreement.
http://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/in
linepdfs/The%20Treaty%20of%20Tordesillas_Map.pdf
Encomienda
-Spain wanted to gain the riches of the New
World and to “civilize” the Native Americans
-encomienda was the system that allowed the
government to “commend,” or give, Indians to
colonists in return for the promise to try to
Christianize them. It was, in effect, a form of
slavery.
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/215117319674176844/
Mexico
-Aztec capital at Tenochtitlán (300,000)
1521- Hernán Cortés and several hundred men
defeat Moctezuma and the Aztecs.
-Mexico City built upon the former Aztec capital
-Europeans bring laws, customs, and religion
-intermarry with Indians
-mestizos- people of mixed Indian and
European heritage
-new blended civilization
Exploration and Imperial Rivalry
• The Spanish began to build forts to protect
their territories.
• The Spanish cruelly abused the Pueblo
peoples in the Battle of Acoma (1599).
• They founded the province of New Mexico in
1609 and its capital in 1610 (see Map 1.6).
• The Roman Catholic mission became the
central institution in colonial New Mexico.
• The native Indians rose up against the
missionaries in Popé’s Rebellion (1680).
• In the 1680s the French sent Robert de La
Salle down the Mississippi River.
• In 1716 the Spanish settled in Texas.
• In 1769 Spanish missionaries led by Father
Junipero Serra founded San Diego and 21
mission stations.
St. Augustine
-In order to defend northern periphery and
convert more Indians to Christianity, the Spanish
began to fortify the northern borders.
-St. Augustine, Florida (1565)
-oldest continually inhabited European
settlement in what became the U.S.
Missions
-Don Juan de Oñate and the Spaniards claimed
New Mexico and brutally treated the Pueblo
peoples.
-Roman Catholic missions established to convert
Indians
-1680- Popé’s Rebellion
-Pueblo Indians destroyed every Catholic
church
-Spanish lost control of the area for 12 years.
Father Junipero Serra
-1769- established Spanish missions in California
-gathered Indians into fortified missions
-taught them horticulture and converted
them to Christianity.
Black Legend
-false concept that said that the Spanish
conquerors merely tortured and killed the
Indians, stole their gold, and infected them with
smallpox.
-it ignores the Spanish achievements
-they established a large empire and grafted
their culture, laws, religion, and language onto
native societies, laying the foundation for many
Spanish-speaking nations
• Invaders brought more than conquest.
• They intermarried with surviving Indians,
creating culture of mestizos, people of mixed
Indian and European heritage.
• Mexico blends Old and New Worlds.
• Booty and silver may have led to capitalism;
certainly transformed the world economy.