Download Chemistry: McMurry and Fay, 6th Edition

普 通 化 學 （一）
M111 (a)、M111 (b)、D70、P98、PH32
100 學 年 第 1 學 期
(Sep 2011 - Jan 2012)
日期
時數
Introduction &
Atoms, molecules, and ions (I)
09/06
2
王明芳
Atoms, molecules, and ions (II)
09/13
2
王明芳
Mass relationships in chemical reactions
09/20
2
王明芳
Reactions in aqueous solutions
09/27
2
王明芳
Periodicity and the electronic structure of atoms
10/04
2
王明芳
Ionic bonds and some main-group chemistry
10/11
2
王明芳
Covalent bonds and molecular structure
10/18
2
王明芳
Thermochemistry: Chemical energy
10/25
2
王明芳
Topics
--------
期 中 考
----------
授課老師
全體教師
11/01
Gases: their properties and behavior
11/08
2
王明芳
Liquids, solids, and phase change
11/15
2
王明芳
Solutions and their properties
11/22
2
王明芳
Electrochemistry
11/29
2
王明芳
Chemical kinetics (I)
12/06
2
王正康
Chemical kinetics (II)
12/13
2
王正康
Chemical equilibrium
12/20
2
王正康
Nuclear Chemistry
12/27
2
王正康
--------
期 末 考 ----------
01/04
全體教師
上課時間及地點： 週二 10:00 - 11:50 於 2 教室 ---- M111b, P98, PH32
週二 13:30 - 15:20 於 2 教室 ---- M111a, D70
主要教科書：McMurry & Fay. Chemistry, 6th ed, Pearson, 2012
註： 期中考及期末考前三週各一次小考
1
普 通 化 學 （一）
授課老師:
王明芳 12週
王正康 4週
王明芳
王正康
18814
18810
7316
7322
0939 899 467
0920 004 554
考試 : 4次 (英文授課, 英文考試)
教科書: McMurry & Fay. Chemistry, 6th ed, Pearson, 2012
台灣代理: 歐亞書局
02-8912 1188
(2005 & 2006
2年曾用 McMurry & Fay, 4th edition)
(2007-2010 連續4年使用Zumdahl)普 通 化 學 （一）含實驗
2
M111, D70, P98, PH32
1. 系長
2. 班代
3. 一位小老師 (emil)
4. 兩位茶水
5. 兩位視聽用品 (am8:00前; pm1:30前)
6. 點名 (簽到)
7. 僑生輔導
8. 考古題
3
Chapter 1
Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
國防醫學院 生化學科
王明芳老師
2011-9-6
Chemistry and the Elements
An element is a fundamental substance that can’t be
chemically changed or broken down into anything simpler.
Chapter 1/5
Chemistry and the Elements
Only about 90 of the 118 occur naturally. The remaining 28 have been
produced artificially by nuclear chemists using high-energy particle
accelerators
Chapter 1/6
Chemistry and the Elements
Chapter 1/7
Elements and the Periodic
Table
Periods: 7 horizontal rows
Groups: 18 vertical columns
• International standard: 1–18
• US system: 1A–8A, 1B–8B
Chapter 1/8
Elements and the Periodic
Table
Main Groups
• columns 1A–2A (2 groups)
• columns 3A–8A (6 groups)
Transition Metals: 3B–2B (8 groups, 10 columns)
Inner Transition Metals: 14 groups between 2A and 3B
• lanthanides
• actinides
Chapter 1/9
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Intensive Properties: Independent of sample size
• temperature
• melting point
Extensive Properties: Dependent on sample size
• length
• volume
Any characteristic that can be used to describe or identity
matter is called a property.
Chapter 1/10
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Physical Properties: Characteristics that do not
involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup
Chemical Properties: Characteristics that do involve
a change in a sample’s chemical makeup
Chapter 1/11
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Group 1A also contains hydrogen (H) even though,
as a colorless gas, it is completely different in appearance
and behavior from the alkali metals
Sodium, one of the alkali metals, reacts
violently with water to yield hydrogen gas
and an alkaline (basic) solution.
Chapter 1/12
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Magnesium, one of the alkaline earth
metals, burns in air
Chapter 1/13
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Bromine, a halogen, is a corrosive
dark red liquid at room temperature.
Chapter 1/14
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Neon, one of the noble gases, is used in
neon lights and signs.
Chapter 1/15
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Metals: Left side of the zigzag line in the periodic
table (except for hydrogen)
All except mercury are solid at
room temperature.
Can conduct electricity
Can drawn into wires
Chapter 1/16
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Nonmetals: Right side of the zigzag line in the
periodic table
Bromine, carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur
None conduct electricity or can be made into wire.
Chapter 1/17
Some Chemical Properties of
the Elements
Semimetals (metalloids): Tend to lie along the zigzag
line in the periodic table
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and At are called
Semimetals because their properties are
intermediate between those of their
metallic and nonmetallic neighbors.
Chapter 1/18
Experimentation and
Measurement
International System Units
All other units are derived from these fundamental units.
Chapter 1/19
Insert Table 1.5 p11
(As big as possible, prefer to start at top)
20
Mass and Its Measurement
Mass: Amount of matter in an object
Weight: Measures the force with which gravity pulls
on an object
Chapter 1/21
Length and Its Measurement
Meter
•
1983: The distance light travels in a vacuum in
1/299,792,458 of a second
Chapter 1/22
Insert Figure 1.5 p13
(As big as possible, prefer to start at top)
23
Temperature and Its
Measurement
oF
9
oF =
5 oC
oC
oC
+ 32 oF
5 oC o
oF)
=
(
F
32
9 oF
K = oC + 273.15
In scientific work, the kelvin (K) has replaced both. (Note that we say only
“kelvin,” not “kelvin degree.”)
Chapter 1/24
Example 1.1 Converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius
The melting point of table salt is 1474 °F. What temperature is this on the Celsius and Kelvin scales?
Solution
801o + 273o = 1074 K
Derived Units: Volume and Its
Measurement
Chapter 1/26
Derived Units: Volume and Its
Measurement
Units for measuring volume. A
cubic meter is the volume of a
cube 1 meter along each edge.
1 dm3 = 0.001 m3
1 cm3 = 0.001 dm3 = 10-6 m3
Chapter 1/27
Derived Units: Volume and Its
Measurement
Chapter 1/28
Derived Units: Density and Its
Measurement
Typical volume units
solids- cm3
liquids- mL
gases- L
density =
mass
volume
Chapter 1/29
Example 1.2 Calculating a Density
What is the density of the element copper in g/cm3 if a sample weighing 324.5 g has a volume of 36.2 cm3?
Solution
Density is mass divided by volume:
Example 1.3 Using Density To Calculate a Volume
What is the volume in cm3 of 454 g of gold?
Solution
Because density is defined as mass divided by volume, volume is mass divided by density:
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Accuracy: How close to the true value a given
measurement is
Precision: How well a number of independent
measurements agree with each other
Chapter 1/32
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Mass of a Tennis Ball
(True Mass = 54.441 778 g)
good accuracy
good precision
Chapter 1/33
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Mass of a Tennis Ball
(True Mass = 54.441 778 g)
good accuracy
poor precision
Chapter 1/34
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Mass of a Tennis Ball
(True Mass = 54.441 778 g)
poor accuracy
poor precision
Chapter 1/35
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Significant figures: The total number of digits
recorded for a measurement
Generally the last digit in a reported measurement
is uncertain (estimated).
Exact numbers and relationships (7 days in a
week, 30 students in a class, etc.) effectively have
an infinite number of significant figures.
Chapter 1/36
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other
digit; they are always significant.
4.803 cm
4 SF
Chapter 1/37
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other
digit; they are always significant.
2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not
significant (placeholders).
0.006 61 g 3 SF
(or 6.61 x 10-3 g)
Chapter 1/38
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other
digit; they are always significant.
2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not
significant (placeholders).
3. Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal
point are always significant.
55.220 K
5 SF
Chapter 1/39
Accuracy, Precision, and
Significant Figures in Measurement
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other
digit; they are always significant.
2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not
significant (placeholders).
3. Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal
point are always significant.
4. Zeros at the end of a number and before the decimal
point may or may not be significant.
34,200 m
? SF
Chapter 1/40
Example 1.4 Significant Figures
How many significant figures does each of the following measurements have?
(a) 0.036 653 m
(b) 7.2100 × 103 g
(c) 72,100 km
(d) $25.03
Solution
(a) 5 (by rule 2)
(b) 5 (by rule 3)
(c) 3, 4, or 5 (by rule 4)
(d) $25.03 is an exact number
Rounding Numbers
Math rules for keeping track of significant figures:
• Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more
significant figures than any of the original numbers.
3 SF
4 SF
278 mi
11.70 gal
= 23.760 684 mi/gal
= 23.8 mi/gal
3 SF
Chapter 1/42
Rounding Numbers
Math rules for keeping track of significant figures:
• Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more
significant figures than any of the original numbers.
•
Addition or subtraction: The answer can’t have more
digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the
original numbers.
2 decimal places
3.18
+ 0.01 315
5 decimal places
3.19 315
3.19
2 decimal places
Chapter 1/43
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
1. If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round
down by dropping it and all following numbers.
5.664 525 = 5.66
Chapter 1/44
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
1. If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round
down by dropping it and all following numbers.
2. If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up
by adding 1 to the digit on the left.
5.664 525 = 5.7
Chapter 1/45
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
1. If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round
down by dropping it and all following numbers.
2. If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up
by adding 1 to the digit on the left.
3. If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more
nonzero digits following, round up.
5.664 525 = 5.665
Chapter 1/46
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
1. If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round
down by dropping it and all following numbers.
2. If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up
by adding 1 to the digit on the left.
3. If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more
nonzero digits following, round up.
4. If the digit you remove is a 5 with nothing following,
round down.
5.664 525 = 5.664 52
Chapter 1/47
Example 1.5 A Calculation Using Significant Figures
It takes 9.25 hours to fly from London, England, to Chicago, Illinois, a distance of 3952 miles. What is the
average speed of the airplane in miles per hour?
Solution
Next, decide how many significant figures should be in your answer. Because the problem involves a division,
and because one of the quantities you started with (9.25 h) has only three significant figures, the answer
must also have three significant figures. Finally, round off your answer. The first digit to be dropped (2) is
less than 5, so the answer 427.243 24 must be rounded off to 427 mi/h.
Calculations: Converting from
One Unit to Another
Conversion factor: Expresses the relationship
between two different units
Original quantity x Conversion factor = Equivalent quantity
Chapter 1/49
Calculations: Converting from
One Unit to Another
Relationship: 1 m = 39.37 in
1m
Conversion factor:
39.37 in
converts
in to m
or
39.37 in
1m
converts
m to in
Chapter 1/50
Calculations: Converting from
One Unit to Another
69.5 in x
starting quantity
1 m = 1.77 m
39.37 in
equivalent quantity
conversion factor
Chapter 1/51
Example 1.6 Unit Conversion Using Significant Figures
The Koenigsegg CCXR is the fastest sports car in the world, with a top speed of 265 miles per hour. What is this
speed in kilometers per hour?
Solution
Worked Example 1.7 Unit Conversion Using Significant Figures
A large sport utility vehicle moving at a speed of 125 km/h might use gasoline at a rate of 16 L per 100 km.
What does this correspond to in mi/gal?
Solution
Note that extra digits are carried through the intermediate calculations and only the final
answer is rounded off.