Download Chapter 19 The Cold War

Chapter 19 The Cold War
Origins of the Cold War 1
•Why was 1945 a critical year in United States foreign relations?
•What were the postwar goals of the United States and the Soviet Union?
•How did the iron curtain tighten the Soviet Union’s hold over Eastern Europe?
•How did the Truman Doctrine complement the policy of containment?
1945—A Critical Year
•As the end of World War II approached, ________________ between the Communist Soviet Union and its
wartime allies, the United States and Great Britain, _________ ____________ _________.
•At a meeting at Yalta in February, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on the postwar division of
Germany but ______________ on the future of _______________.
•In April, representatives of _____ countries, including the United States, adopted the charter for the
___________ _____________, an organization dedicated to cooperation in solving ______________
problems.
•On ____________, Roosevelt died unexpectedly, making Vice President _______________the new
President. Truman continued Roosevelt’s negotiations with Stalin at the Potsdam Conference in July.
Conflicting Postwar Goals
American and Soviet Goals
_______________Goals
•Wanted conquered European nations to experience the ______________ and ____________ opportunity
that the United States had fought for during the war
•Wanted to develop _____________ _______________ economies, which would provide good markets for
American products
_______________ Goals
•Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways that would help the _____________ ______________ recover from the
huge losses it suffered during the war
•Wanted to establish Soviet _______________ nations, countries subject to Soviet domination and
sympathetic to Soviet goals
•Wanted to promote the spread of ___________________ throughout the world
Soviets Tighten Their Hold
Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe
•Albania and Bulgaria: Communists secure control by _____________ opposition in Albania; Soviet troops
____________ Bulgaria.
•Czechoslovakia: Although it desperately tried to remain democratic, Czechoslovakia became a Soviet
_______________ nation in _________.
•Hungary and Romania: By _______________ anti-Communist leaders in Hungary and forcing the
appointment of a _________________ prime minister in Romania, Communists achieved power in both
nations.
•East Germany: To make sure Germany could not _______________ his nation again, Stalin established a
___________________ government, naming the state the German Democratic Republic.
•Finland and Yugoslavia: Both countries maintained their independence from Soviet control – Finland, by
signing a treaty of cooperation, and Yugoslavia, by following the leadership of Tito.
The Iron Curtain
Churchill coined the phrase iron curtain to describe the geographic and political divisions between
Communist and capitalist nations in Europe.
Containment and the Truman Doctrine
•The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for world influence came to be known as
the ______________ _____________.
•The American policy of _________________ accepted the fact that Eastern Europe was under Communist
control, but sought to prevent Communist governments from _________________ elsewhere in the world.
•The __________________ _________________, which applied the principles of containment, stated that
the United States would support free peoples who ____________ attempted conquest. The Truman
Doctrine was first applied in the cases of Greece and Turkey.
The Cold War Heats Up 2
•How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO help to achieve American goals in postwar
Europe?
•How did Communist advances affect American foreign policy?
•How did the Cold War affect American life at home?
The Marshall Plan
•The United States wanted to help European nations recover from the war and become economically strong
democracies. It also wanted to prevent __________________ from continuing to ____________ power in
Europe.
•The Marshall Plan was created in _________ by U.S. Secretary of State _____________ ___.
____________ as a means to achieve these goals. According to the Marshall Plan, participating nations
would design recovery programs and would receive ______________ aid from the United States.
•___________ Western European nations joined the plan, receiving a total of $_______________ in aid.
The Berlin Airlift
•As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in _______________ East
Germany, was divided into West Berlin (____________) and East Berlin (______________).
•In June 1948, Stalin ______________ all shipments to West Berlin through ___________ Germany,
creating a blockade which threatened to cut off ______________ to the city.
•In response, Allied nations began the ____________ __________, which delivered thousands of tons of
food and other supplies to West Berlin via air.
•Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.
NATO
Why create a treaty organization?
•Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems.
•The United States sought to avoid the problems of post–World War I isolationism.
•The United States did not want to be the _________ ____________ in the Western Hemisphere committed
to fighting communism. A Canadian role in the treaty organization would be vital.
What was NATO?
•The _____________ _______________ _____________ ______________ (NATO) was formed in April
1949.
•In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and _______ Western European nations pledged to support
one another __________ ____________, a principle known as collective security.
•In response, the Soviet Union created the _____________ ____________, a military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite nations.
Communist Advances
The Soviet Atomic Threat
•In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had ________________ _____________ an
atomic bomb.
•In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful _______________ bomb,
reestablishing itself as the world’s leading nuclear power.
•The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to
_____________ a _____________ _____________; this information was ridiculed by experts.
China Falls to the Communists
•During World War II, competing factions in China had cooperated, but fighting between them resumed
towards the end of the war.
•At first, the United States _______________ Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao
Zedong. However, the United States later decided to _____________ on Western Europe instead.
•Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a Communist state in China as a ______________ of
Truman’s policies.
The Cold War at Home
•During the late 1940s, fear of _________________ ___________ created a climate of _____________ in
the United States.
•Truman established a federal employee ______________ program in 1947, checking the backgrounds of
all new and existing federal employees.
•The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began __________________ Hollywood
personalities who the committee claimed, had _________________ leanings. When one group, known as
the Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and
________________.
•Hollywood studios compiled a __________________, a list circulated to employers naming persons who
should not be _____________. Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included
anyone who seemed subversive.
•Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act
reestablished the immigration ___________ system from 1924. This act __________________ against
potential immigrants from _______________ and Southern and Central ______________.
•Two famous _________ cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States were sharing
American secrets with foreign Communists. These were the cases of __________ ___________ and of
__________________________________________________.
The Korean War 3
•How did Communist expansion in Asia set the stage for the Korean War?
•Who fought in the Korean War, and what were the three stages of the war?
•What were the effects of the Korean War?
Communist Expansion in Asia
The Chinese Civil War
•Civil war began in the mid-1920s and _________________ after World War II.
•Mao Zedong won support for the ___________________ by redistributing land and offering schooling and
healthcare.
•Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist Party lost support because of harsh treatment of the population, high taxes, and
corruption.
•When the Communists took power in 1949, the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.
The Division of Korea
•World War II ended before a __________could be made for _______________ independence from Japan.
•Korea was temporarily divided at the _______________________ parallel, the latitude line running
through approximately the ____________________ of the peninsula.
•A ______________________ government formed in South Korea, while a Communist government
formed in North Korea.
The Korean Conflict
•In June ___________, the Korean War broke out when North Korean troops _____________ South Korea,
aiming to _____________ the nation by _____________.
•A UN resolution, which passed because the Soviets were not there to veto it, called on member states to
defend South Korea and restore peace. Roughly ______ percent of the troops who served in the resulting
UN police action were _____________.
•By attacking North Korean supply lines, General ___________________________ was able to gain an
advantage and push north. However, a stalemate developed after China helped the North Koreans push the
UN forces back into South Korea.
•A ____________ signed in 1953 left Korea again divided near the thirty eighth parallel.
The Effects of the Korean War
Post-Korean War Changes in America
•Warfare — Limited war, limited victory
•Integration of the Military — First war in which ________ Americans and _________ Americans served
in the same units
•Increased Power of the Military — A military-industrial complex developed as the military established
links with the corporate and scientific communities.
•Foreign Policy in Asia — September 1951 peace treaty signed with Japan; relations _____________ with
Communist China
The Continuing Cold War 4
•What were the characteristics of the McCarthy era?
•How was the Cold War waged in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America during the 1950s?
•How did the arms race develop?
The McCarthy Era
McCarthy’s Rise to Power
•Wisconsin Senator _____________ ________________, up for reelection raised the specter of Communist
________________ within the United States.
•McCarthy produced a list of ________ names of presumed ________________-supporting government
employees. Later, when scrutinized, this list was reduced to _____.
•Although McCarthy’s accusations were usually _____________ and unprovable, few were willing to risk
their __________________ by speaking out against him.
McCarthy’s Fall
•In early 1954, McCarthyism, the name given to McCarthy’s crusade, reached the _________.
•Democrats asked that the hearings between McCarthy and the army be _________________, hoping to
swing popular opinion _______________ McCarthy.
•By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost even his _______________ supporters. The Senate formally
_________________ him for his actions.
The Cold War in the 1950s
United States involvement around the world, 1947–1956
•Eastern Europe — Wary of _________ with the Soviets, America did not _____________ uprisings in
___________ Germany, ______________, and Hungary.
•Southeast Asia — Korean War ends; former French colony of ____________ is divided into
________________ North and anti-Communist South.
•Middle East — United States supports _____________, backs groups that restore a ____-_____________
_________ in Iran; the ___________ _________ in Egypt erupts.
•Latin America — Organization of American States (OAS) is created; American aid helps _____________________ leaders gain and retain power.
The Arms Race
•Throughout the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union _______________ in an arms race, a
struggle to gain _______________ superiority.
•________________, the policy of maintaining a military _____________ so strong that no enemy will
attack for fear of ________________, resulted in the escalating development of powerful nuclear weapons.
•The American policy of ________________________ involved bringing the United States to the brink of
war without actually entering into war.
The Arms Race in the Skies
•To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union developed long-range ___________ known as
intercontinental ballistic missiles, or ICBMs.
•In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite _______________, the first artificial
satellite to orbit Earth.
•When a Soviet guided ______________ shot down an American ______________________________,
the resulting U-2 incident shattered American confidence and prompted a desire to match—and surpass—
Soviet __________ technology.