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Unit 10- Human Body Biology- Pages 852-991 Life Science- Pages 496-664 Name: ______________________________ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Summary Skin regulates body temperature, protects the body, and functions as a sense organ. Skin cells are constantly being shed and replaced. Skin responds to injury by producing new cells and signaling a response to fight infections. Digestion begins in the mouth with both mechanical and chemical action. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach. Chemical and mechanical digestion continue in the acidic environment of the stomach. In the small intestine, digestion is completed and food is absorbed. The liver and pancreas play key roles in digestion. The large intestine absorbs water before indigestible materials are eliminated. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. Fats are used to store energy. Proteins are used as building materials. Minerals serve as structural materials or take part in chemical reactions. Vitamins are needed for growth and metabolism. Metabolic rate determines how quickly energy is burned. The endocrine glands work with the nervous system to regulate body functions. Blood hormone levels are controlled by a negative feedback system. Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside the target cells and amino acids hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors. The neuron is the basic structural unit of the nervous system. Impulses move along a neuron in a wave of changing charges. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system relays messages to and from the central nervous system. It consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Drugs act on the body’s nervous system. External respiration involves taking in air through the passageways of the respiratory system and exchanging gases in the alveoli of the lungs. Breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm, the rush of air into the lungs, relaxation of the diaphragm, and air being pushed out of the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the chemistry of the blood. Blood is composed of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances through the body. Blood cell antigens determine blood group and are important in blood transfusions. Blood is carried by arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood is pushed through the vessels by the heart. Infectious diseases are caused by the presence of pathogens in the body. Some infectious diseases can be treated with antibiotics, but pathogens may become resistant to these drugs. The lymphatic system consists of the lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic organs: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus. Innate immunity provides general protection against various pathogens. Acquired immunity provides a way of fighting specific pathogens by recognizing invaders as nonself (through marker proteins). It includes the production of antibodies and cellular immunity. AIDS is caused by HIV, which damages the immune system and allows other infections to invade the body. Details Skin: The skin and its associated structures, including hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands, are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. The skin protects tissues and organs, helps regulate body temperatures, produces vitamin D, and contains sensory receptors. Digestive System: The digestive system receives food and breaks it down so it can be ____3____ by the body’s cells. The digestive system also eliminates food materials that are not digested or absorbed. Foods are broken down into simpler molecules that can move through cell NOTES 1. How does skin help control body temperature? 2. What happens when a person takes in more food energy than his or her body needs? 4. Why are fats needed in the diet? Unit 10- Human Body Name: ______________________________ Biology- Pages 852-991 Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Life Science- Pages 496-664 membranes and be transported to all parts of the body by the bloodstream or the lymphatic vessels. The digestive system includes the mouth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines. Endocrine System: The endocrine system controls all of the metabolic activities of body structures. This system includes all of the glands in the body that secrete chemical messengers called _____6_____. Hormones travel in the ______7_____ to target tissues, where they alter the metabolism of the target tissue. Some of the major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. 5. How does the negative feedback system work to control hormone levels in blood? Nervous System: The organs of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. These organs contain nerve cells, called ____9____, that conduct impulses. Nerve impulses allow the neurons to communicate with each other and with the cells of muscles and glands. Each impulse consists of an electrical charge that travels the length of a neuron’s cell membrane. Between two neurons there is a small gap called a ____11____. When one neuron is stimulated, it releases chemicals called ________12________ into a synapse, which stimulates a change in electrical charge in the next neuron. Nerve impulses travel through the body this way, from neuron to neuron. 1. Sensory Receptors: Some nerve cells act as sensory receptors that detect changes inside and outside of the body. These neurons carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain. The brain and spinal cord then send impulses to muscles and glands, stimulating them to contract or secrete hormones. This interconnection provides coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system. 8. Name the two parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Respiratory System: The organs of the respiratory system exchange gases between blood and the air. During inhalation, oxygen in the air passes into the blood from small air sacs called ____15___ in the lungs. Body cells use oxygen to break down glucose to make ATP needed for metabolism. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by the breakdown of glucose and is transported to the lungs by the blood. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli. It is forced out of the lungs during exhalation. The major organs of the respiratory system are the nasal cavity in the nose, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. 14. Explain the process by which gases are exchanged in the lungs. Circulatory System: The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and the blood. The muscular heart pumps blood through the blood vessels. The ___18____ 17. Distinguish between an artery and a vein. 10. Draw a diagram of a neuron and point out the area in which could cause a problem in communication with the next neuron. 13. List the nervous systems’ sequence for inputting information and making a response. 16. In what form does 70% of carbon dioxide travel through the blood stream in and what pH condition does it cause your blood to have? Unit 10- Human Body Name: ______________________________ Biology- Pages 852-991 Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Life Science- Pages 496-664 19. Draw a diagram of the heart and label the carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells. Blood also carries hormones to their target tissues, carbon four compartments and four valves associated with it. dioxide back to the lungs, and other waste products to the excretory system. _____20____ carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and ___21____ (that contain valves to prevent backflow) carry carbon dioxide blood back to the heart. _____22_____, the smallest, thinnest, and most abundant blood vessel, is involved with all exchanges between organs, tissues, and blood. Immune System and Lymphatic System: Fluids leak out of capillaries and bathe body tissues. The lymphatic system, also known as the immune system, transports this tissue fluid back into the blood stream. As tissue fluids pass through the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, disease-causing _____24_____ and other foreign substances are filtered out and destroyed. Innate immunity involves the action of several types of white blood cells that protect the body against any type of pathogen. Macrophages and neutrophils engulf foreign substances that enter the body. If the infection persists, the lymphatic system becomes involved. The body develops an acquired immune response that defends against the specific pathogen. Acquired immunity involves helper T cells that pass on chemical information about the pathogen to B cells. B cells produce antibodies that disarm or destroy the invaders. Some B cells remain in the body as memory B cells that recognize the antigens if they ever invade the body again. This process provides the body with acquired natural immunity against disease. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, tonsils, the thymus gland, and spleen. T cells mature in the thymus. The spleen stores both T cells and B cells. 1. Medicines can also help out the immune system. _____27_____ help kill bacterial infections, while _____28____ help prevent future viral (caused by viruses) infections. If a viral infection already inhabits the body, the body’s lymphatic system/immune system has to kill off the invading pathogen on its own = no cure. 23. What role do phagocytes play in defending the body against disease? 25. What is the difference between naturally acquired passive immunity and naturally acquired active immunity? 26. Why is it adaptive for memory cells to remain in the immune system after an invasion by pathogens?