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Chapter 16, Section 1
War Erupts
I. First Shots at Fort Sumter
A. Southern states took over most of the federal forts inside their borders, forcing President Lincoln to
make a difficult decision: If he supplied the fort, he risked war with the South, or if he ordered troops to
leave, he was giving in to the rebels
B. President Lincoln ordered supply ships to Fort Sumter, prompting rebel forces to attack before it could
be resupplied
C. Beginning at 4:30 A.M. on April 12, 1861 rebel shore guns fired on Ft. Sumter for 34 hours forcing Major
Robert Anderson to surrender Ft. Sumter to the rebels
D. No one was killed in the attack, but the Civil War had begun
II. Lincoln calls out the Militia
A. Two days later, President Lincoln asks Union states to provide 75,000 militiamen for 90 days to help
crush the uprising in the South
B. Northerners were enthusiastic about the news, but in the border states like KY, state leaders were angry
C. In the following weeks, VA, NC, TN, and AR vote to join the Confederacy, but because of their resources
and location, border states KY, DE, MO, and MD were critical to the war’s outcome
D. If MD seceded, Washington D.C. would be cut off from the Union, but if KY seceded, the north would
lose access to its rivers – an important invasion route
E. Federal troops helped western counties in VA break away from the South, forming the state of WV
F. In the end, 24 states made up the Union, and 11 states joined the Confederacy
III. Strengths and Weaknesses
A. The North had an enormous advantage in manpower and resources, with 22 million people and 85% of
the nation’s factories were in the North
B. Railroad lines in the North more than doubled that in the South, and almost all of the navy and
shipyards belonged to the North
C. The South had approximately 9 million people – 3.5 million of whom were slaves
D. The South fought a mostly defensive war creating supply problems for the North, so the Rebels fought
harder in defense of their homes
E. Both North and South had extraordinary leadership: President Lincoln convinced Northerners
democracy depended on preserving the Union, and Robert E. Lee was an inspiration to his men
IV. The Confederate and Union Strategy
A. The South took a defensive position hoping the Union would tire of fighting
B. South depended on “King Cotton”, a necessity for textile mills in Europe, to gain foreign support
C. South held back cotton crops hoping to force England and France into supporting the rebels, but a cotton
surplus allowed Europe to stay out of America’s war
D. The South went on the offensive, hoping quick victories would damage Northern morale
E. The North’s goal was to bring Southern states back into the Union
F. General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” was designed to smother the South’s economy
G. Naval blockades along Southern coast prevented goods and men from reaching the rebels, and the Union
sought control of Mississippi River in order to split the Confederacy in half
H. Scott’s plan took time to develop and many people wanted a quick strike on Richmond, VA, which was
the capital city of the Confederacy
V. Battle of Bull Run
A. To take Richmond, Union forces had to defeat rebels at the railway center in Manassas, VA
B. July 21, 1861, Union troops under General Irvin McDowell clashed with Confederate troops under
General Pierre Beauregard at a little creek north of Manassas called Bull Run
C. At the “First Battle of Bull Run”, Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson earned his nickname
“Stonewall Jackson” as his troops held their lines against the Union attack
D. Confederate troop’s blood–curdling scream as they attacked caused Union troops to panic and break
ranks, and later became known as the “rebel yell”
E. Confederate victory at “First Bull Run” encouraged the South and shocked the North and many
Southerners thought the war was won
F. Northerners realized they had underestimated the South – Lincoln sent the 90-day militias home and
called for a voluntary army of 500,000 to serve for 3 years