Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Unified neutral theory of biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Fauna of Africa wikipedia , lookup
Coevolution wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 44 Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Species Interactions Terms: Interspecific interaction – interactions between members of different species Intraspecific competition – competition among members of the same species Interspecific competition – competition between members of two or more species Limiting resources – something required by an organism is in the shortest supply relative to demand Resources partitioning – a situation in which selection pressures resulting from interspecific competition cause changes in the ways in which the competing species use the limiting resource, thereby allowing them to coexist Symbiosis – the living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate relationship Mutualism – a type of interaction between species that benefits both species (+/+) Commensalism – a type of interaction between species in which one participant benefits while the other is unaffected (+/0) Parasitism – one species benefits at the cost to another (+/-) Amensalism – interaction in which one animal is harmed and the other is unaffected (-/0) Extinction – the termination of a lineage of organisms Invasive species – an exotic species that reproduces rapidly, spreads widely, and has negative effects on the native species of the region to which it has been introduced Questions: 1. Interspecific competition (-/-) is competition between two species for resources. This interaction negatively affects the per capita growth of both species. Consumer-resource interactions occur when one species consumes the other for nutrition. This interaction negatively affects the per capita growth of the eaten species, and it increases the per capita growth of the predator. A mutualism (+/+) is an interaction that benefits both species. Commensalism (0/+) benefits one species and doesn’t affect the other. Amensalism (-/0) negatively affects one species and is neutral for the other. 2. Competition is an interaction in which animals use the same resources. Once an animal uses a resource, it is unusable for other animals, so animals must compete for these resources. Interspecific competition is competition between two different species; whereas, intraspecific competition is competition between members of the same species. 3. A limiting resource is a resource required by an organism that is in short supply. Limiting resources inspire interspecies completion. Resource partitioning is a situation where selective pressure from interspecific competition causes a species to change so that the two competing species can co-exist; however, resource partitioning can inspire intraspecific competition. 4. Predation is when organisms gain their nutrition by eating other living organisms. The consumer benefits; while, the prey dies. Evolutionarily the consumer and resource are at odds with one another. While, the resources adapt various defense strategies, the consumer will favor traits that help it obtain the resources. ]5. Mutualism is when both interacting species benefit. Ex: Pollinators and flower. Commensalism is when one species benefit from an interaction, while the effect on the other species is neutral. Ex: Cattle convert plants to dung which beetles use. Amensalism is when one species is harmed from an interaction, while the effect on the other species is neutral. Ex: when elephants walk through forests they crush bugs on the forest floor Parasitism is when an organism feeds off a host. This negativity impacts on the host as it benefits the parasite. Ex: tapeworms can feed off humans 6. The Kangaroo rats negatively affected the grasses abundance in years of drought, and in years of rainfall, the rats had a positive effect on the per capita growth. When there was an abundance of seeds, more likely found in a year of rainfall, the rats leave their stored seeds in the ground. However, when the seeds are sparse, they eat all the seeds, and they don’t leave any in the ground. 7. Selective pressures can cause one species to be favored in resource partitioning. Some species can be adapted to obtain a resource or protect a resource more readily in different environments. This competition for available resources causes different species to thrive in different environments; while other have higher densities in different environments. 8. In an environment where one trait is favored over another, the species with that trait would be favored, and they would have an increased fitness. Also, the competition might cause natural selection to favor a certain trait within a species. 9. Mimicry can but used by an organism to mimic other unpalatable species so predators avoid them. For example, passionflower leaves have raised yellow bumps to resemble the eggs of the zebra butterflies, whose caterpillars eat the leaves. Since the butterflies don’t lay their eggs on leaves that already have eggs, these egg-like bumps protect the plant from being eaten. 10. A species becomes invasive if it is introduced in an environment where it can thrive without any natural enemies. If the species reproduces and spreads quickly, it can become highly dense in some areas. Invasive species often harm the natural cycle of environments. For examples, in the 1800s when purple loosestrife was introduced to North America, it took over the wetlands of the USA. Now it competes for pollinators with other plants, and these other plants, like Lythrum alatum, are receiving less pollen each year and are reproducing less.