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SEMESTER 1 Chapter 6
Addressing the Network IPv4
V 4.0
6.1.1
How many bits are the
source and destination IPv4
addresses?
What is the name for the
decimal representation of
the binary IP address
called?
How many bits are there
between each “dot”?
What are those bits called?
Define the network portion
of an IP address?
What is the host portion of
the IP address?
6.1.2
The
rest of
6.1
6.2.1
What does the number of
bits assigned to host
determine?
What is the binary range in
decimal of a byte?
Binary conversions will be
covered in the lab meeting?
Define a network address.
Define a broadcast address.
Define a host address.
What is the range where
host addresses assigned?
6.2.1.2 What is assigned to
determine how many bits
are in network bits?
Do the number of hosts that
can be assigned stay the
same when prefix changes?
6.2.2.1 How do you calculate the
network value?
How do you calculate the
first host value?
How do you calculate the
32 bits
Dotted Decimal
8 bits
Octet
a group of hosts that have identical bit patterns
in the network address portion of their
addresses
Although all 32 bits define the IPv4 host
address, we have a variable number of bits
that are called the host portion of the address
the number of hosts that we can have within
the network
0-255
Within the IPv4 address range of a network,
the lowest address is reserved for the network
address.
The broadcast address uses the highest
address in the network range.
The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network.
Located between the network and the
broadcast address.
Prefix
No
All host bits are 0
1 greater than the network address
All host bits are turned on
broadcast address?
How do you calculate the
last host address?
6.2.2.2 This flash exercise is
excellent practice for
calculating the different
values; you can do this until
you have mastered the
process. Please try it with
prefix values of 24 and over
so you have an example to
go by.
6.2.3
Define unicast
Define broadcast
Define multicast
What is another name for a
unicast address?
6.2.3.2 How does a host process a
broadcast transmission?
What is a broadcast
transmission used for?
What are the three
examples of broadcast
transmissions?
When does a host send a
broadcast?
How do hosts with the
information usually respond
to the broadcast?
What is a directed
broadcast?
What is a limited broadcast
used for?
What forms the boundary
for a broadcast domain?
6.2.3.3 What is multicast designed
to do?
What are the 4 examples of
multicast transmissions?
1 less than the broadcast address
the process of sending a packet from one host
to an individual host
the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network
the process of sending a packet from one host
to a selected group of hosts
Host address
it processes the packet as it would a packet to
its unicast address
the location of special services/devices for
which the address is not known or when a host
needs to provide information to all the hosts on
the network.
Mapping upper layer addresses to lower layer
addresses
Requesting an address
Exchanging routing information by routing
protocols
When a host needs information, the host
sends a request, called a query, to the
broadcast address
One or more of the hosts with the requested
information will respond, typically using
unicast.
A directed broadcast is sent to all hosts on a
specific network.
communication that is limited to the hosts on
the local network
Router
conserve the bandwidth of the IPv4 network
Video and audio broadcasts
Routing information exchange by routing
protocols
Distribution of software
How are multicast
addresses assigned?
What is the range for
multicast addresses?
What is the range for
experimental addresses?
6.2.5.1 List the three private
address blocks? (This is
incredibly important for
network administrators to
know)
What happens if a packet
with a private IP address
was sent to the Internet?
What is NAT Network
Address Translation
services used for?
How does NAT allow a host
with a private address to
access the Internet?
6.2.5.2 Excellent practice. This is
very important for the test.
6.2.6
What is the range for locallink addresses?
When is a local link address
assigned to a device?
6.2.7
What is the first octet range
of Class A?
What is the first octet range
of Class B?
What is the first octet range
of Class C?
What is the first octet range
of Class D?
What is the first octet range
of Class E?
What is the limitation of
classful routing?
What is the address system
used today called?
Why should the allocation of
addresses inside the
networks be planned and
documented for the purpose
of?
News feeds
The multicast clients use services initiated by a
client program to subscribe to the multicast
group.
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0
/16)
It would not be forwarded
to translate private addresses to public
addresses, hosts on a privately addressed
network can have access to resources across
the Internet
It allows the host to “borrow” a public IP
address
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
automatically assigned to the local host by the
operating system in environments where no IP
configuration is available
1-126
128-191
192-223
224-239
240-255
wasted many addresses, which exhausted the
availability of IPv4 addresses
Classless addressing
Preventing duplication of addresses
Providing and controlling access
Monitoring security and performance
What are the different
examples of types of hosts?
6.3.1.2 What considerations should
be used about where
private IP addresses should
be used?
6.3.2
Which devices should have
static IP addresses
assigned?
6.3.2.2 What does DHCP provide
for an end device?
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
What is the block of
addresses a DHCP server
use called?
Which devices should have
a static IP address? Why?
What does almost all traffic
pass through when going
between networks?
Which IP addresses are
used for router interfaces?
What is the organization
that assigns IP addresses in
the US?
What are the advantages of
having a Tier 1 ISP?
What is the focus of a Tier 2
ISP?
What is the focus of a Tier 3
ISP?
What was the main issue to
be addressed by IPv6?
What were the other issues
that were considered when
developing IPv6?
List the added features of
IPv6.
End devices for users
Servers and peripherals
Hosts that are accessible from the Internet
Intermediary devices
Will there be more devices connected to the
network than public addresses allocated by the
network's ISP?
Will the devices need to be accessed from
outside the local network?
If devices that may be assigned private
addresses require access to the Internet, is the
network capable of providing a Network
Address Translation (NAT) service?
printers, servers, and other networking devices
that need to be accessible to clients on the
network
automatic assignment of addressing
information such as IP address, subnet mask,
default gateway, and other configuration
information
Address pool
Servers and printers
So hosts can have consistent access
Intermediary Devices
Lowest or Highest addresses in the range
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
reliability and speed
focus on business customers
The focus of these ISPs is the retail and home
markets in a specific locale.
Creating expanded addressing capabilities
Improved packet handling
Increased scalability and longevity
QoS mechanisms
Integrated security
128-bit hierarchical addressing - to expand
addressing capabilities
Header format simplification - to improve
packet handling
Improved support for extensions and options -
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.5
6.5.46
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3
6.6.4
How is the subnet mask
created?
What is true if the octet of
the subnet mask is 255?
What is true if the octet of
the subnet mask is 0?
What is the result of the
ANDing process?
What is the only case in
which ANDing results in a
1?
We will cover this in class.
Good exercises and
examples to read through.
Excellent practice
exercises, practice these a
lot.
What is ping?
What happens when the
destination host receives an
echo request?
What is the address to ping
the local host?
What does a response from
the local host tell you?
What doesn’t the response
from the local host tell you?
What does it tell you if a
ping to the gateway is
successful?
What does it tell you if a
ping to the remote host is
successful?
What does the traceroute
utility do?
Define Round Trip Time
(RTT).
Define Time to Live (TTL).
for increased scalability/longevity and
improved packet handling
Flow labeling capability - as QoS mechanisms
Authentication and privacy capabilities - to
integrate security
by placing a binary 1 in each bit position that
represents the network portion and placing a
binary 0 in each bit position that represents the
host portion
All of the octet is network/subnetwork bits.
All of the octet is host bits.
The network address
1 anded with a 1
utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts
it responds with an ICMP Echo Reply
datagram.
127.0.0.1
that IP is properly installed on the host
an indication that the addresses, masks, or
gateways are properly configured
indicates that the host and the router's
interface serving as that gateway are both
operational on the local network
It means that we have verified our host's
communication on the local network, the
operation of the router serving as our gateway,
and all other routers that might be in the path
between our network and the network of the
remote host.
allows us to observe the path between these
hosts
the time a packet takes to reach the remote
host and for the response from the host to
return
When a packet enters a router, the TTL field is
6.6.5
decremented by 1. When the TTL reaches
zero, a router will not forward the packet and
the packet is dropped.
What does ICMP provide for ICMP provides control and error messages
the TCP/IP protocol stack?
and is used by the ping and traceroute utilities.
List the 5 ICMP messages
Host conformation
that may be sent?
Unreachable Destination or Service
Time exceeded
Route redirection
Source quench
What are the 4 destination
0 = net unreachable
unreachable codes listed?
1 = host unreachable
2 = protocol unreachable
3 = port unreachable
You will use the following tables for multiple questions.
* 255.255.255.192 (or /26)
0 - 63
64 - 127
128 - 191
192 - 255 (with multiplier of 64)
* 255.255.255.224 (or /27)
0 - 31
32 - 63
64 - 95
96 - 127
128 - 159
160 - 191
192 - 223
224 - 255 (with multiplier of 32)
* 255.255.255.240 (or /28)
0 - 15
16 - 31
32 - 47
48 - 63
64 - 79
80 - 95
96 - 111
112 - 127
And so on (with multiplier of 16)
* 255.255.255.248 (or /29)
0 - 7
8 - 15
16 - 23
24 - 31
32 - 39
40 - 47
48 - 55
56 - 63
And so on (with multiplier of 8)
* Which prefix (subnetmask) needed for the following network? (Hint: you need to know
the block size.)
- Use the reference table to solve this problem.
* You will be presented a list of IP address and are expected to pick up:
- Usable (assignable) host addresses
* Study the reference table included above.
- Network IP address
* Study the reference table included above.
- Broadcast IP address
* Study the reference table included above.
* Network IP address
- The IPv4 host address is logically ANDed with its subnet mask to determine the
network address to which the host is associated.
- At Layer 3, we define a network as a group of hosts that have identical bit
patterns in the network address portion of their addresses.
- A router uses this address forwarding of packet to a given destination
- Network address varies in length
- portion of the high-order bits (1) represents the network address.
* Some basic rule about IP address:
 Private addresses
– There are blocks of addresses that require no Internet access.
• 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
• 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)


If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the
Internet, a NAT service would allow those devices with private addresses
to effectively share the remaining public addresses.
Loopback
– The loopback address 127.0.0.1.
– You can ping the loopback address to test the configuration of TCP/IP on
the local host.
– This also covers all addresses in 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255.
* You will be asked to troubleshooting of why is your PC not able to get on the internet.
- You need to make sure that the IP address for your PC, your default gateway
and router interface are all in the same subnet.
- Study the reference table included above.
* 255.255.0.0: How many hosts are in this subnet?
* 255.255.255.0: How many hosts are in this subnet?
* 255.255.254.0: How many hosts are in this subnet?
* 255.255.248.0: How many hosts are in this subnet?
* With a static assignment, the network administrator must manually configure the
network information for a host
 The addresses for these devices should be static.
– Addresses for Servers and Peripherals
– Addresses for Hosts that are Accessible from Internet
– The router or firewall
* IPv6 offers:
– 128-bit hierarchical addressing - to expand addressing capabilities
– Header format simplification - to improve packet handling
– Improved support for extensions and options - for increased
scalability/longevity and improved packet handling
– Flow labeling capability - as QoS mechanisms
– Authentication and privacy capabilities - to integrate security
* IPv6 is not a new Layer 3 protocol
– it is a new protocol suite.
– New messaging protocol (ICMPv6)
– New routing protocols.
– don’t pick the answer for faster routing protocol lookup
* Time to Live (TTL)
– Traceroute makes use of a function of the TTL field in the Layer 3 header and
ICMP Time Exceeded Message.
– When a packet enters a router, the TTL field is decremented by 1. When the
TTL reaches zero, a router will not forward the packet and the packet is
dropped.
– In addition to dropping the packet, the router normally sends an ICMP Time
Exceeded message addressed to the originating host. This ICMP message
will contain the IP address of the router that responded.
* Pinging the Local Loopback
 One case is for testing the internal configuration of IP on the local host.
 To perform this test, we ping the special reserve address of local loopback
(127.0.0.1).
 A response from 127.0.0.1 indicates that IP is properly installed on the host.

This response is not, however, an indication that the addresses, masks, or
gateways are properly configured. Nor does it indicate anything about the status
of the lower layer of the network stack.