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Pre-Columbian & Colonial America Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Juan Ponce de Leon Francisco Coronado Giovanni da Verrazano Vasco Nunez Balboa Hernan Cortes Montezuma Robert De La Salle John Cabot Ferdinand and Isabella Vasco da Gama Bartholomeu Diaz Mestizos Conquistadores Moors Mesoamerica Pocahontas Powhatan John Rolfe John Smith Walter Raleigh William Penn Oliver Cromwell Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incan civilization in Peru, took their gold, and enslaved the Incas in 1532 He explored in 1540's in search of gold. Discovered the Mississippi River Explorer who searched for the Fountain of Youth and established Florida as a Spanish Territory Explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico looking for the legendary city of gold El Dorado Italian, explored Eastern Seaboard of America Explored the Pacific Ocean Destroyed the Aztec Civilization Leader of Aztecs when Cortes landed in the New World. His entire people would be killed by disease and war with Corte’s French explorer, established territories around the Great Lakes Explored the northern coast of North America for the English Married to unite Spain Portuguese, able to sail directly from Europe to India Portuguese, sailed around the tip of Africa Mixed race of people, Spanish and native Mexican Indians Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for its riches during the 1500s North African Muslims Central America Daughter of Chief Powahatan, married John Rolfe, and returned to England with him Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, saved the Jamestown Colony Colonist of Jamestown, married Pocahontas and saved Jamestown by growing tobacco Leader of the Jamestown Colony, established “starving times” Famous “sea dog”. Established the lost colony of Roanoke English Quaker; started the "Holy Experiment" of Pennsylvania, established religious freedom Englishman, led the army to overthrow King Charles I and was successful in 1646 Elizabeth I Henry VII Philip II Joint-Stock Company House of Burgesses Indentured Servitude Spanish Armada Slave Codes Law of Primogeniture Sea Dogs Maryland Act of Toleration Barbados Slave Codes Virginia Company Jamestown English Civil War Quakers John Calvin Henry Hudson William Penn Anne Hutchinson Catholic queen of a newly Anglican nation, created a strong English Navy Left the Catholic church so he could remarry, created and lead the new Anglican Church King of Spain, sent the Armada to war against England, was defeated by the Protestant Wind Business owned by shareholders First representative assembly in the New World, considered the begging of self-rule in America The promise to work for someone for a set amount of time in return for various things, often a free passage to the new world, land, and crops The most powerful Navy in history at that point Laws, made by the States, that govern the treatment, conduct, and sale of slaves Decreed that only sons were allowed to inherit land and property Pirates contracted by Elizabeth I to harass and destroy Spanish ships sailing to and from the new world. The most famous were Sir Walter Raleigh and Francis Drake Established religious freedom for all Christian groups Laws passed in England to provide legal base for slavery in Caribbeans; Established slavery as equivalent to Chattel Joint-stock company, funded the Jamestown settlement First permanent English settlement in the New World Pitted the “Roundheads” against the “Cavaliers”. Fought over Parliamentary rule and religious issues English religious group known for their pacifism, established a haven in Pennsylvania Creator of Calvinism, believed in predestination An Englishman sailing for the Dutch, discovered the Hudson River and established trading posts and territories Quaker, established Pennsylvania for religious freedom for Quakers and other Christian groups A religious dissenter who challenged the William Bradford John Winthrop Roger Williams Peter Stuyvesant Squanto “The Elect” Freeman Salutary Neglect Predestination Antinomianism “City upon a hill” Protestant Reformation Massachusetts Bay Colony Pilgrims Protestant Work Ethic French Huguenots Plymouth Bay Pequot War Calvinism Great Migration beliefs of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and pre-destination. The 30-time elected governor of the Plymouth bay colony “City on the Hill”, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Founder of Rhode Island, provided religious freedom Dutchman, governor of New Netherlands in New York, sold to the English Patuxet Indian, helped the pilgrims grow crops and hunt Those who were pre-destined to go to heaven Indentured servants who had obtained their freedom A period of little English authority upon the colonies The thought that God had already decided who would be going to heaven Repudiated the idea of “good works” in Puritan doctrine; said most Puritan ministers were hypocritical on the question of salvation A biblical reference that John Winthrop used to establish good Puritan beliefs in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Religious revolution, during the 16th century. It ended the supremacy of the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Churches Puritan colony established in 1630. Became the state of Massachusetts, and absorbed the Plymouth colony English Separatists; left on the Mayflower in 1620; landed at Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts A commitment made by the Puritans in which they seriously dwelled on working and pursuing worldly affairs French protestants at war with Catholic France Where the pilgrims landed in the Mayflower, part of Massachusetts War between the Pequot tribe and the Massachusetts Bay Colony John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism, preached virtues of simple worship, strict morals, pre-destination and hard work. Period in between 1620-1640 in which a mass Puritans Quakers Mayflower Compact Headright System Middle Passage Nathaniel Bacon Freedom Dues Yankee Ingenuity Half-Way Covenant New England Primer Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Benjamin Franklin John Peter Zenger voyage of English puritans settled in America, primarily Massachusetts They were a group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church. Their ideas started with John Calvin in the 16th century Members of the Religious Society of Friends; believed in equality of all peoples and pacifism; settled in Pennsylvania Contract made by the voyagers on the Mayflower agreeing to form a simple government where majority ruled. Gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner that paid an immigrant’s way over Part of the Triangular Trade Route in which African slaves are brought to the Americas Led a raid on Virginia against Governor Berkeley, and because the state would not drive out Indians in neighboring lands Payment after indentured servitude contract ends; gave land, seed, and clothes The ability of the colonists to make adaptive mechanisms using spare materials Allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church An early “textbook” that taught kids reading and spelling Theologian and Congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is best known for his “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon. Another famous Great Awakening preacher, famous for his work with spreading the gospel to Indian and African groups Conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lightning rod, and the stove. He was an important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States Newspaper printer, and using the power of the press, he protested the royal governor. He was put on trial for this "act of treason." The jury ruled him innocent Phyllis Wheatley Paxton Boys Regulator Movement Scots-Irish Praying Towns Anglicans Old Lights New Lights Born a slave and became a famous poet Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks; lead armed march on philadelphia Scots-Irish who protested the balance of power in America Scottish people who had been transplanted by England into Ireland. Many would sail over and settle in the Appalachian Mts. Set up by Puritans to teach the Indians about Christianity Members of the protestant Church of England Orthodox clergymen, believed revivals and new ways of preaching unnecessary Modern worship, advocates of the Great Awakening The Revolutionary War and Founding the New Nation Samuel de Champlain James Wolfe Pontiac George Washington Edward Braddock Acadians Seven Years War Albany Congress Proclamation of 1763 War of Jenkins’s Ear Jesuits French explorer, famous for establishing Quebec and sailing around Northern coast British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire; killed in battle Indian Chief who led a post-war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763. A British officer in the French and Indian War British commander in the French and Indian War, couldn’t defeat the Indian guerilla techniques French settlers who originally landed in Nova Scotia, but were chased down to Louisiana by the English A war over the Ohio River Valley that pitted the French and a few Indian tribes against the English/Colonials. France would be defeated in 1763 and would be mostly kicked out of North America Advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French English law, forbade colonists from crossing Appalachian Mountains A brief war between England and Spain Expanded Catholicism in the Americas, Fort Duquesne Fort Necessity Charles Townshend Crispus Attucks Mercantilism Boycott Quebec Act Navigation Acts Declaratory Acts Sugar Acts Townshend Acts Quartering Acts Boston Massacre Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts British East India Trading Company Battle of Lexington and Concord particularly focusing on Indian groups French fort that defeated Braddock, later was given to the English and made Pittsburgh A makeshift fort in Pennsylvania lost by George Washington to the French Established taxes in the Townshend Acts upon American colonies to pay for French and Indian War A freed black man, the first death in the Boston Massacre Economic theory that simply states a nation’s power is determined by its wealth in gold. To abstain from using or buying a good to force a company or government to change its politics allowed the French colonists to go back freely to their own customs. The colonists had the right to worship the Catholic faith freely Established England as the sole trader between the colonies Repealed the Stamp Act, stopped tax rebellions, reinstated trade with England increased the taxes on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies to protect English sugar A British Parliamentarian has a small tariff placed on imports like glass, lead, paper, and tea Law passed by Britain to force colonists to house and feed British soldiers An event in Boston in which English troops fired upon a crowd Required the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many essential documents, such as deeds, mortgages, and playing cards A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament where he Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed up like Indians and raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor Passed in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party, that closed off the Boston Harbor until all damages were paid Powerful English joint-stock company, with heavy influence in British politics. Wanted to monopolize American tea sales The first battle of the Revolutionary War. The George Washington Nathaniel Greene Benedict Arnold Charles Cornwallis Thomas Paine George Rogers Clark Richard Henry Lee John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Comte de Rochambeau George III Ethan Allen Mercenaries Second Continental Congress Common Sense Declaration of Independence Loyalists/Tories Patriots/Whigs Bunker Hill Saratoga Yorktown Hessians Alexander Hamilton James Madison Gouverneur Morris “shot heard ‘round the world” Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution Used the fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue him for miles, biding his time and waiting for the chance to make a move Prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga, later helped the British take West Point General of the British forces in America Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet encouraging defiance against the English crown Frontiersman who led the seizing of 3 British forts in 1777 along the Ohio River Member of Philadelphia’s Continental Congress during the late 1770 Naval commander of US forces Frenchman who helped train and supply US forces Helped trap the British with his French forces King of England during Revolution People paid to fight Took on governmental duties and united all the colonies for the war effort. They selected George Washington as commander of the army Pamphlet that urged colonials to realize English mistreatment Allowed the colonials to formally declare freedom Loyalists were colonials who supported England, Tories opposed Whigs were English who supported the Revolution A tough winter weathered by colonial troops Turning point of the war The final battle of the Revolution German mercenaries working for the English Leader of the Federalists, established US currency systems “Father of the Constitution” Wrote Constitution Checks and Balances States’ Rights Popular Sovereignty Constitutional Convention Ratification Great Compromise Electoral College Articles of Confederation Antifederalist Three-Fifths Compromise Large-State Plan Federalist Northwest Ordinance 1787 Constitution Shay’s Rebellion Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Republican Motherhood System in Federal Government to limit branch powers The ability of a State to dictate for themselves The idea in which the people vote on a matter Convention in which the Constitution was written The States vote and establish the Constitution was the basis for the new government Established a bi-cameral legislature, one on population, the other guaranteed A way to elect the president based off of states and their size Original governing document of early America Opposing party of the Federalists, promoted States’ Rights Established slaves as 3/5 of a person when counting state population Would have congress representation based on population Promoted loose construction, large federal government Explored and divided land, established states and settlement Governing paper of the United States Government Stopped by Washington, rioters wanted better conditions for revolutionary veterans Enacted in 1779, it established religious freedom for all religions, including nonChristians The idea that the role of women is to institute moral ideals in children, and bring up the next generation Unit Three: The Early Republic John Adams Thomas Jefferson Henry Knox John Jay Talleyrand James Madison Nullification Second President of the United States, couldn’t live up to Washington Third President, limited power of federal government First Secretary of War 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court French foreign minister President during the War of 1812 State has ability to invalidate any federal law they deem unconstitutional Bank of the United States Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 Bill of Rights Whiskey Rebellion Democratic-Republicans XYZ Affair Miami Confederation John Marshall Midnight Judges William Marbury Samuel Chase John Quincy Adams Meriwether Lewis William Clark Aaron Burr Tecumseh Judicial Review War Hawks Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act of 1807 Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun A centralized national back established by Hamilton Proclaimed the government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts first ten amendments of the Constitution are the Bill of Rights, written so many States would ratify Constitution Small rebellion that was a challenge to the national government’s unjust use of an excise tax. Crushed by Washington Evolved from anti-federalist, it was spearheaded by Jefferson, favored weak central governmetn French ambassadors demanded payments from Adams for talking directly to the French President Talleyrand Various Indian groups banded to stop westward English expansion Appointed by President John Adams in 1801 to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Appointed by John Adams as a last ditch attempt to keep Federalist influence in government Madison held up his appointment, he sued and established Judicial Review Supreme Court justice impeached for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials John Adams son, 6th president of the United States Chief explorer in the Lewis and Clark Expedition Cartographer in the Lewis and Clark Expedition Thomas Jefferson’s VP, killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel Invented Cherokee alphabet Supreme Court to rule if a law is Constitutional or not Politicians in favor of joining war in Europe French owned land purchased by Thomas Jefferson, doubled size of America US refuses to purchase British or French goods as a result of war crimes Famous 1812 general, 7th President of the United States. He is known for his liberal policies, and for destroying the National Bank VP to Jackson, almost started Civil War in Martin Van Buren William Harrison Henry Clay Daniel Webster Stephen Austin Sam Houston Santa Anna Annexation Spoils System Wildcat Banks Twelfth Amendment Corrupt Bargain Tariff of Abominations Tariff of 1832 Specie Circular Tariff of 1833 Trail of Tears Whigs Cyrus McCormick Eli Whitney Robert Fulton DeWitt Clinton Nativism Cult of Domesticity South Carolina against the intruding Jacksonian federal government 8th President, went through with Indian Removal Act General, Indian fighter, president, hero of the Battles of Tippecanoe & Thames in the War of 1812. The “Great Negotiator”, famous for Compromise of 1850, failed in multiple Presidential runs War hawk, spoke on behalf of the nation against nullification Father of Texas, led Texan army during war for independence leader of Texas, President of Texas Republic Leader of Mexico, fought against Texans Taking land from another governmental entity Putting your friends and political allies into positions once obtaining a political position State banks that existed in the 1830's and which received federal funds from Jackson Cleaned up the electoral process for electing the president The Presidential election of 1824 had no majority winner, so it had to be sent to Congress, where Henry Clay is said to have had Quincy Adams win, and Clay was then made Secretary of State An extremely high tariff (45%) that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto Tariff to protect Northern industry, hurt the South Decree which stated that all public lands must be purchased with gold or silver money Fix tariff of 1832, Gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by 10% over an 8 year period The removal of Appalachian and Southern Indians to Arkansas Conservative reactionary party to the Jacksonian Democrats Invented McCormick reaper Invented Cotton Gin/Interchangeable Parts Invented the steamboat Developed Eerie Canal Response to a growing number of immigrants The roles of women were as housekeepers, had cardinal virtues of piety, purity, Homesteaders Scabs Cotton Gin The Clermont Molly Maguires Tammany Hall Pony Express Commonwealth vs Hunt Know Nothing Party submission, and domesticity The Government supplied land to settlers for a low price People hired to take the place of striking workers Invented by Eli Whitney, brought back the slave industry First successful steamboat Secret society of Irish coal miners in Pennsylvania Irish political ring very powerful in Northern cities A way to deliver mail to the West Ruled labor unions legal Nativist political party Unit Four: Antebellum Reform, Manifest Destiny, and Sectionalism Dorothea Dix Horace Mann Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Joseph Smith William H. McGuffey Brigham Young Unitarianism Shakers Hudson River School Second Great Awakening Women’s Right Convention Transcendentalism Harriet Beecher Stowe David Walker Sojourner Truth William Lloyd Garrison Advocate for mental institution reform Advocate for reforming public education A leader of the women's right's movement in 1840 Strong advocate for womens suffrage Founded Mormonism Made McGuffey Readers, classroom textbooks to teach reading Founded Salt Lake City as a haven for Mormons Believed that God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity Communitarian society, known for their violent shaking in worship Early art style, first real American art Protestant revival, grew Baptist and Methodist churches Seneca Falls Convention, huge push for women’s rights Reaction against Unitarianism, believed organized religious and political parties corrupted the individual Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin Freed black living in Boston, fought for abolition Freed black who fought for abolition Writer of The Liberator, upset many Southerners with his loud opposition to Nat Turner Frederick Douglas Elijah P. Lovejoy Mulatto Cotton Kingdom The Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society American Colonization Society Gag Resolution John Tyler Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor James K. Polk Stephen W. Kearny John C. Fremont Manifest Destiny Tariff of 1842 Bear Flag Revolt Treaty of Guadelupe-Hildago Californios Walker Tariff Oregon Fever Stephen A. Douglas slavery Led the biggest slave revolt Freed slave, author Editor of an anti-slavery newspaper, was almost killed by a mob who destroyed his shop Half-black and half-white The South supplied cotton for the North, England, France, and many other parts of Europe Anti-slavery newspaper Northern abolitionist group Established Liberia as a nation to send blacks Southerners banned and destroyed any antislave propaganda An after-thought Vice President to William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840. He was a Democrat but switched over to the Whig Party because he didn't like Andrew Jackson “Old Fuss and Feathers", led American troops into Mexico City during the Mexican American War Known as "Old Rough and Ready," he defeated the Mexicans in a campaign that took him to Buena Vista in Mexico. He later became president due mostly to his military victories President during the Mexican-American war An American Army officer in the Mexican War. heconquered New Mexico and moved his troops over to Los Angele An explorer who, with a few dozen men, helped overthrow Mexican rule The belief that it was the God-given right for Americans to settle from the Atlantic to the Pacific a protective tax passed by John Tyler that was used to create more money for the government. Led by Fremont, it was a small revolution against Mexican rule in California Ended the Mexican-American war, allowed the US to purchase the Southeast territories Spanish speaking people who lived in California before it was given to America Reduced tariffs from 32% to 25% Many farmers were dissatisfied with their lives and decided to move to Oregon Supporter of “Popular Sovereignty” where the Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce Harriet Tubman Millard Fillmore Free Soil Party Fugitive Slave Law Underground Railroad Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act James Buchanan Dred Scott Case John Brown Charles Sumner John C. Breckenridge people of the states decide if they want slavery, Lincoln’s rival A general and hero of the Mexican-American War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party Elected President in 1852 He was a prosouthern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 Escaped slave who would spend her life sneaking slaves out of Southern states VP to Zachary Taylor, assumed presidency when Taylor died. He finalized California’s admittance to the Union Organized by anti-slavery men in the north, Democrats, and some conscientious Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories Anyone found helping a runaway slave would be fined and imprisoned A mass network to secretly sneak slaves across the South and into the North/Canada California was admitted as a free state, and the rest of the Mexican session was left up to popular sovereignty Said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. This new law repealed the Missouri Compromise A lame duck president who was terrified of starting a Civil War, so he did very little in office Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom after living in the North for many years. At the Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that slaves are considered property, and cannot sue in court A radical anti-abolitionist who tried to start a nation-wide slave revolt by taking over the federal armory at Harpers Ferry. It failed and he was executed Senator who made an assault on a pro-slavery congressman of South Carolina. The insult angered Congressmen Preston Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious with a cane. vice-president elected in 1856. Breckinridge was nominated for the presidential election of Abraham Lincoln Bleeding Kansas Crittenden Compromise 1860 for the Southern Democrats Won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states). Lincoln’s victory gave South Carolinians an excuse to secede from the Union After popular sovereignty was installed, Kansas erupted into war between pro-slavery and abolitionist radicals. last-minute attempt to avoid conflict over slavery. It proposed going back to the old Missouri Compromise line of 36 Civil War and Reconstruction Clara Barton Edwin M. Stanton William H. Seward Jefferson Davis King Cotton Confederacy/Union Butternut Region Martial Law Fort Sumter “Billy Yank” “Johnny Reb” Thomas Jackson George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Nurse, founded Red Cross Lincoln’s Secretary of War, later was fired by Johnson which was his ground for impeachment Secretary of State under Lincoln, would later buy Alaska First President of the Confederate States of America Cotton was the agricultural giant in the South The States in secession banded to form a new nation; The Confederate States of America. The Union were the remaining states in the United States Area of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Opposed a war against slavery, threatened to secede The military takes partial control of government/ law enforcement The first real battle of the Civil War, a siege of a union-held fort in the middle of Charleston harbor The typical Union soldier. Educated, not too much cause to fight Typical Confederate soldier, very religious, defending home “Stonewall Jackson” successful Confederate general, and right hand man to Lee General of the Army of the Potomac, failed in Peninsula Campaign and was relieved of duty General of the Army of Northern Virginia, Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman Salmon P. Chase Merrimack/Monitor First Battle of Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg Vicksburg Chancellorsville Gettysburg Emancipation Proclamation Appomattox Courthouse Ford’s Theatre Oliver O. Howard Alexander Stephens Thaddeus Stevens defended Richmond from invasion and led a Northern invasion Put in charge of entire Union Army, defeated Lee and won the war Led a devastating “March to the Sea”, burning Southern cities from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean Lincoln’s Secretary of the Treasury, very critical of Lincoln and challenged him for the Republican nomination bid The Merrimack was a Union ship converted into an iron-clad warship named the Virginia. The Monitor was built to stop it, and they ultimately tied. They would both be sunk at the end of the year The South proved their might with a resounding victory at Bull Run The bloodiest day in American history, Lee’s first invasion of the North would be stopped The Union army would be devastated by a dug-in Confederate line, kept pressure on Northern states as the Confederates advanced Grant’s long siege of a Mississippi fort. The Confederate forces would starve and ultimately surrender, allowing the Union to effectively take the entire Mississippi River Lee sufficiently beat back Hooker’s army, but Jackson would be wounded and would die, and soon after Confederate fortune would run out The turning point of the war. The Union had a victory after three days, and they would begin chasing down the Confederacy for the rest of the war Lincoln’s act freeing all slaves in the States in rebellion. Where Lee surrenders his Army of Northern Virginia to Grant Where actor John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks Vice-president of the Confederacy A radical Republican congressman. He orchestrated the Congressional Reconstruction plan, which was very stern Andrew Johnson Freedman’s Bureau Black Codes Sharecropping Fourteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment Scalawags Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Tenure of Office Act toward the South. He also tried to impeach President Andrew Johnson in 1868. President after Lincoln’s assassination, his strict constitutional beliefs made him the target for impeachment against the powerful Congress Provided food, clothes, and education to freed slaves Passed in the Southern states after the Civil War. The laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks. Landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land Conferred civil rights, including citizenship, but excluding the franchise, for the freedmen; and reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot Gave freed black men the right to vote Southerners who were favorable to the North Northerners who moved South to seek their fortune out of the destruction They were against any power or rights a black might have. They were violent and often times they killed blacks "to keep them in their place." Stated that the president could not fire any appointed officials without the consent of Congress. Congress passed this act knowing that Andrew Johnson would break it. Johnson fired Stanton without asking Congress, thus giving Congress a reason to impeach him. American Society in the Gilded Age Jim Fisk/ Jay Gould Thomas Nast Horace Greeley Two business tycoons thought to have connections and scandals in the Government Cartoonist for the New York Times and drew many famous political cartoons, including many of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall Presidential nominee for the Liberal Republican Party against Grant in his second Roscoe Conkling Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden James A. Garfield Chester Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison Gilded Age The Bloody Shirt Tweed Ring Credit Mobilier Whiskey Ring term Led section of republicans called the Stalwarts, opposed by the Half-Breeds led by James G. Blaine Narrowly elected President in 1876 by the Compromise of 1877. Served a term over a divided country who saw the Compromise as a fraud The Democratic nominee in the 1876 election. When the vote was taken to Congress Hayes was given the Presidency, and Reconstruction was ended Elected President after Hayes, he was assassinated by Charles Guiteau so that the Stalwarts could be in power in the government. Assumed Presidency after Garfield was assassinated. Led a surprisingly popular and effective term in office Led a major mudslinging campaign for the Presidency in 1884, first Democrat elected President since the Civil War Elected president in 1888 against Grover Cleveland. He was both pro-business and protariff A period in U.S. history around 1870-1900 that seemed fine on the outside, but was politically corrupt internally. This term was coined by Mark Twain The slogan "waving the bloody-shirt" was an election tactic where a party would nominate an old military figure and/or keep reminding the nation of the Civil War Group of people in New York City who worked with and for "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money-maker. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed A railroad construction company that consisted of many of the insiders of the Union Pacific Railway. The company hired themselves to build a railroad and made incredible amounts of money from it. Many political officials had stock in the company Whiskey manufacturers had to pay a heavy excise tax. Most avoided the tax, and soon tax collectors came to get their money. The collectors were bribed by the distillers Pendleton Act Populism Chinese Exclusion Act Jim Crow Plessy vs Ferguson William McKinley Cornelius Vanderbilt Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller JP Morgan Trust Busting Trust Anarchists Union Pacific/ Central Pacific Grange Samuel Gompers Company Town It created a merit system of making appointments to government jobs on the basis of aptitude rather the spoils system New political group that favored farmers and liberal programs Chinese immigrants, and various other Asian groups, were no longer allowed to immigrate to the United States (particularly California) Established various anti-black bills to stop civil rights and to take away the Blacks’ right to vote Established basis of “separate but equal”, upheld constitutionality of a state to segregate Conservative Republican who held one term before being assassinated by Leon Czolgosz Railroad tycoon, consolidated all rail lines between New York and Chicago Inventor of the telephone Inventor of the incandescent lightbulb A steel tycoon. He was a master of “vertical integration.” He eventually turned to philanthropy and gave huge sums to libraries and arts An oil tycoon. He owned the Standard Oil Company that eventually controlled at least 90% of American oil. Was a master of “horizontal integration” Banker and financier. He bought Andrew Carnegie’s steel to start the U.S. Steel Company The Government began breaking apart several powerful business trusts to protect either workers or national interests Collaboration between several business, related or non-related, to control sections of industry Anti-government radicals who wanted to entirely destroy the government Two railroad company lines that met together from opposite ends of the country to produce the trans-continental railroad Group of farmers who eventually became a political force supporting agricultural interests Union leader, established The American Federation of Labor against big business tycoons Towns completely operated by companies to Philip Armour Gospel of Wealth Haymarket Square Riot Florence Kelley Booker T. Washington W.E.B DuBois Horatio Alger Mark Twain Carrie Chapman Catt Settlement House Social Gospel Pragmatism Yellow Journalism Hull House The Origin of Species NAACP Morrill Act Womens Christian Temperance Union Sitting Bull George Custer hold the families of the workers. Owned all grocery stores, banks, and buildings Established meat packing – canned meat Written by Andrew Carnegie, establishes roles of the rich as philanthropists Anarchists bombed a labor strike at Haymarket Square, turned public opinion from labor unions, increased fear of anarchism, socialism, and communism Lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers An ex-slave who saved his money to buy himself an education. He believed that blacks must first gain economic equality before they gained social equality. Activist who proposed immediate integration and civil rights for African Americans. Ideological rivals with Booker T. Washington Author famous for his “rag to riches” stories, poor children growing up to be wealthy millionaires American author and humorist, known for social commentary in the Gilded Age Leader in movement for women’s’ suffrage A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. Protestant intellectual movement which addressed things such as poverty and race on a Christian basis Said that it was more reasonable to look at situations separately, and not to deal with constant virtues Hyper-sensualized newpaper reporting House for new immigrants to live to get on their feet Charles Darwin’s book on evolution, survival of the fittest, and natural selection National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Allowed for creation of land-grant colleges Association of women, most famous for their opposition to alcohol One of the leaders of the Sioux nation, eventually chased out into Canada General over Plains Indian war, he attacked Chief Joseph Geronimo Sioux Wars Ghost Dance Battle of Wounded Knee Dawes Severalty Act Long Drive Homestead Act Jacob B. Coxey William Jennings Bryan Buffalo Soldiers Sioux warriors near the Little Big Horn River in Montana and was completely wiped out chief of the Nez Perce Indians, tried to escape to safety in Canada but was caught just before the border Leader of Apaches, fought brutally but was eventually taken down in Mexico Lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. The Sioux were led by Sitting Bull, Custer took command of US Forces A tradition that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 American troops were brought in to stop the Ghost Dance, shots were fired and the US stormed in Dismantled American Indian tribes, attempted to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American Cattle marches from Texas to Kansas A settler could acquire up to 160 acres of land and pay a minimal fee of $30.00 just for living on it for five years and settling it A leader of the unemployed during the depression in 1894. He led a march to Washington, demanding that the government begin an inflationary public works program. Democratic Presidential nominee, championed free silver and delivered the famous “Cross of Gold” speech The term Indians used for US black troops Imperialism, Progressivism, and WW1 Alfred Thayer Mahan DePuy De Lome Theodore Roosevelt Stressed the importance of sea power in the world, wrote The Influence of Sea Power on History Spanish minister in Washington. He wrote a letter criticizing McKinley, and helped spark the Spanish-American War Led the Rough Riders, took the presidency after McKinley’s assassination, led Progressive Jingoism Imperialism USS Maine Philippine Insurrection Boxer Rebellion Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt Corollary William Howard Taft Panama Canal Teller Amendment Platt Amendment Florence Kelley Upton Sinclair Jacob Riis Ida Tarbell William Howard Taft administration Aggressive, nationalistic and patriotic expansion The policy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire Mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor. The Americans thought that the Spanish blew it up while the Spanish claimed the explosion to be accidental. This was a spark to the SpanishAmerican war The US took control of the Phillipines but native guerilla fighters would wage war with the United States for two years A group of Chinese revolutionaries that despised western intervention in China. Roosevelt foreign policy to intimidate and be quick to attack An addition to the Monroe Doctrine. In it, Roosevelt stated that the U.S. would use the military to intervene in Latin American Roosevelt’s VP who took the presidency. Big trust-buster and progressive, Roosevelt would become angry with him and stop him from obtaining another term Controlled by Colombia, the US helped Panama throw a revolution to gain their independence, and then built a waterway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans This was an act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish misrule, Cuba would be granted its freedom. Gave the U.S the right to take over the island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger Social and political reformer, known for her work in minimum wage, child labor revision, and opposition to sweatshops Socialist, author of The Jungle Danish immigrant and photographer. Published How the Other Half Lives, stressed the poor condition of immigrants Published the history of the Standard Oil Company. In it she blasted Standard Oil for using ruthless tactics to drive competition out of business Chosen over William Jennings Bryan to Initiative Referendum Recall Conservation Muckrakers Pure Food and Drug Act Seventeeth Amendment Eighteenth Amendment Sierra Club Dollar Diplomacy Triangle Shirtwaist fire Ballinger-Pinchot affair Woodrow Wilson Louis D. Brandeis Pancho Villa Venustiano Carranza John J Pershing succeed Roosevelt. As President, he approached foreign policy by using America's wealth as leverage Process of the people petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill Occurs when citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments People could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election Movement in America that tried to preserve natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of these resources and land Nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines who spent a lot of time researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. It was made to protect the consumer Senators were now to be elected by popular vote from the citizens of their state Forbade the sale and manufacture of alcohol Largest and most influential conservation group in America Taft's foreign policy. American investors would get poorer nations into debt, then have a bit of economic leverage against those nations A catastrophe where women, locked in a break room, were burned to death after a clothing factory caught on fire US Forest Director Pinchot challenged Secretary of State Ballinger for releasing park and public land to companies for development Liberal president elected after Taft, would lead the United States through World War One Prominent reformer and Attorney in the Muller v. Oregon (1908) case that persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers A Mexican bandit who raided Americans and American towns. He was a rival of Mexican President Carranza President of Mexico, elected against the brutality of the previous administration American General who led forces against New Freedom Underwood Tariff Federal Trade Commission Clayton Act Federal Reserve Act George Creel Eugene V Debs Self-Determination Sarajevo Zimmerman Note Espionage and Sedition Acts Lusitania Industrial Workers of the World Pancho Villa, and was later made Commander of Allied Forces in WW1 Wilson's domestic policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets Substantially reduced import fees. The lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment A committee formed to investigate industries engaging in interstate commerce. It was created to stop unfair trade practices and to regulate and crush monopolies A committee formed to investigate industries engaging in interstate commerce. It was created to stop unfair trade practices and to regulate and crush monopolies Created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by the Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by the public Journalist who was responsible for selling America on WWI and was head of the Committee on Public Information Socialist, sent to prison for ten years but still managed to get a million votes in the 1920 election Idea that all people can have independence and make up their own government or at least choose with which government they’ll belong Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated in this city, which sparked WW1 Telegram that secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. Zimmerman tempted Mexico to go to war with America with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Made war protesting illegal US passenger ship (carrying arms to England) was sunk by German U-boats and was a big factor in sending America into war IWW; Also known as "Wobblies," a radical labor organization that was against war Bolsheviks Doughboys Big Four Treaty of Versailles Fourteen Points League of Nations Communists organized a revolution in Russia to overthrow the tsar. The communist revolution caused Russia to pull out of WWI. Nickname given to America soldiers in World War I The U.S. represented by President Wilson, England represented by David Lloyd George, France represented by Georges Clemenceau, and Italy represented by Vittorio Orlando. Created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson Introduced by Wilson in 1918. It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 Wilson’s 14th Point. It was approved, but Congress never approved the US’ inclusion Modernism, the Great Depression, & the New Deal Al Capone Scopes Monkey Trial Henry Ford Red Scare Ku Klux Klan Famous gangster and bootlegger. He made his fortune in the distribution of illegal alcohol Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. The case became a challenge by Darwinists to Christian creation beliefs. Scopes was found guilty, but the evolutionists ultimately won, making Creationists look simple minded and old fashioned Developed the assembly line method of production, which allowed his Ford Motor Company to produce cars very efficiently at cheap prices Erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the U.S. Many socialists, left-wing activists, and unionists were targeted Sprouting from the post Civil War Klan, this group opposed any “un-American” things (Anyone who wasn’t white and protestant) Sacco and Vanzetti Immigration Quota Act Ohio Gang Teapot Dome Kellogg-Briand Pact Calvin Coolidge Andrew Mellon Alfred E. Smith Herbert Hoover Hawley Smoot Tariff Bonus Army Black Tuesday Franklin D. Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt Harry Hopkins Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants convicted of armed robbery and murder. Their conviction was rumored to be on the basis of prejudice Restricted immigration into the U.S. based on a percentage of previous immigration number Harding surrounded himself with close friends and government officials, and they helped instruct him to lead the nation. Many of the members were convicted in scandals Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall under Harding accepted bribes from oil reserves A 1929 agreement headed by Frank B. Kellogg and Aristide Briand that promised to never make war again. Ultimately made war illegal After Harding death in office, his VP Calvin Coolidge took office. His administration valued honesty and virtuosity as opposed to Harding. Under him the Roaring Twenties would be started Secretary of State. Created the “Mellon Tax Plan” which radically lowered income taxes. This was instrumental in the development of the Roaring Twenties First Roman Catholic to run for president. He ran as the Democrat against Hoover Elected President after Coolidge, promoted conservative economic policies until the Great Depression started to build, then switched to “New Deal” policies An extreme tariff on imported goods which would dramatically hurt the American economy WW1 veterans protested in DC to get their promised stipend early. Hoover sent the army to break them up, making him look very bad October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed, bringing upon the Great Depression President elected after Hoover to fix the Great Depression. He created the New Deal, which was a liberal, big government program which installed public works programs to employ the jobless Wife of FDR, strong activist for women, minorities, and workers Headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frances Perkins First female Secretary. Made Secretary of Labor by FDR Federal Housing Commission Hundred Days Civilian Conservation Corps Court Packing Works Progress Administration National Recovery Act Social Security Act Tennessee Valley Authority Securities and Exchange Commission Dust Bowl The Congressional session, lasting a hundred days, which passed the majority of New Deal legislation New Deal program, employed people to work on conservation camps, parks, and building things such as water towers The Supreme Court was shooting down FDR’s New Deal policies, so he tried adding new justices. Congress, and the public turned against him Employed workers to build infrastructure, made to teach people skills such as carpentry, plumbing, etc. Made to help industry and labor relations, made unions legal Created federal insurance program, taking taxes automatically out of workers wages Helped bring electricity to the poorer Appalachian Mountains, famous for building dams for hydroelectric power Federal regulatory program over banks A disaster in the mid-west where massive dust storms destroyed crops, cattle, and homes. It would further hurt the US economy in the Great Depression Word War II & the Early Cold War FDR’s Secretary of State, very involved in the Cordell Hull New Deal Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of the Soviet Union Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy Adolf Hitler Fascist dictator of Germany Winston Churchill Conservative Prime Minister of England Charles Lindbergh Made the first trans-Atlantic flight Where the government is controlled by one Totalitarianism man/group As Germany invaded various nations, the allied Appeasement powers gave in to his demands The line of axis running through Berlin and Rome-Berlin Axis Rome would give the name of their alliance the Axis Powers Mussolini, obsessed with creating a New Holy Invasion of Ethiopia Roman Empire, invaded and was defeated by “Cash and Carry” Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact America First Committee Dwight D. Eisenhower War Production Board Rosie the Riveter Second Front Casablanca Conference Manhattan Project Albert Einstein Chiang Kai-Shek Potsdam Conference D-Day Battle of the Bulge Harry S. Truman Yalta Conference Harry S. Truman Douglas MacArthur the Christian nation of Ethiopia The US would give England and its allies weapons, but they must pay with cash and take them on their ships A shocking treaty that allied Fascist Germany and Communist Soviet Union A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in November of 1942, led the assault on Normandy at D-Day Halted the production of “non-essential” items, made industry contribute totally to the war effort in some way The mascot for “tough” women entering the workplace and taking over the blue-collar jobs men had left Invasion of Western Europe by the US, France, and Great Britain. It took the pressure off of the Russians and split the German Army Created the allied plan for victory Extremely secret project to create the atomic bomb Famous scientist who wrote FDR to convince him to start work on the atomic bomb before the nazis Leader of free china, defeated by the communist forces of Mao Zedong, he would retreat to Taiwan Held by Truman, Stalin and Clement Atlee who issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed A marine sea-land invasion in which allied forces would take the beaches of Normandy and begin the fight back into Germany The final attack by the German army, they would be stopped, and would be fought back to Berlin Became president after FDR’s death, and finished the war. He is known for his dropping of the atomic bomb Between FDR and Stalin, Stalin promised aide to the United States against Japan Took office after FDR’s death, would drop the atomic bomb on Japan to end WWII Supreme allied commander in WWII through the Cold War Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Thomas Dewey Dwight D. Eisenhower Cold War Iron Curtain Marshall Plan House Committee on Un-American Activities White Flight 38th Parallel Dixiecrats Ho Chi Minh Nikita Krushchev Fidel Castro Richard Nixon McCarthyism Brown vs. Board of Education Montgomery Bus Boycott Sputnik 22nd Amendment The Feminine Mystique Convicted in 1951 of giving atomic bomb data found by American scientists to the Soviet Union, they were later executed Lost narrow election against Truman in 1948 WWII hero, elected president and oversaw a period of great economic growth in the 1950’s A global ideological conflict between democracy and communism, United States versus Soviet Union The Soviet union established several communist states in-between the democratic west and themselves US was allowed to give financial aid to countries threatened by communism During the second red scare, investigated and prosecuted alleged communists White, middle-class families moved out of the cities and into the suburbs Divided Korea into two separate nations, North Korea being communist, South Korea being democratic Racist southern democrats who supported segregation, led by Strom Thurmond Communist leader of North Vietnam, he would take all of Vietnam and remain dictator Premier of the Soviet Union throughout a large portion of the Cold War and the Space Race Communist insurgent in Cuba, eventually took over the government Eisenhower’s VP and President afterwards, his administration would be remembered for the Watergate scandal, and Nixon would step down Name given to the Communist witch-hunts of the 1950’s led by politician and communist hunter Joseph McCarthy Overturned Plessy v Ferguson, and called for the desegregation of public schools After Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat to a white person, the boycott of not riding on city buses started The first satellite ever sent into space, launched by the Soviet Union and started the Space Race Set a two-term limit for presidents Written by Betty Friedman, and launched a new wave of the feminist movement Social Upheaval, Liberalism, and Conservatism Martin Luther King Jr. Lee Harvey Oswald New Frontier Peace Corps Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Lyndon Baines Johnson Great Society Gulf of Tonkin Tet Offensive March on Washington War on Poverty Henry Kissinger Leader of the Civil Rights movement, was assassinated in 1968 Assassinated John F. Kennedy JFK’s domestic policies that would encourage sciences and technology to compete in the space race. His ultimate goal would be landing on the moon JFK’s government program that would send young people across the world to provide services such as well-digging and housebuilding for people living in poverty to gain that world experience The US trained Cuban refugees to fight, and we sent them on an invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. We did not back them up with air support, and they were defeated. It was one of JFK’s biggest faults The Soviet Union sent nuclear weapons down to communist Cuba. We had a standoff with the Soviets that could’ve easily resulted in nuclear war, but we agreed to take weapons away JFK’s VP that assumed presidency after his assassination. He was a New Deal Democrat, and would greatly expand government programs to try and boost the economy. He was famous for the Civil Rights Acts of the 1960’s LBJ’s domestic policy focusing on the creation of government relief agencies Gave LBJ a blank check of power in the Vietnam crisis North Vietnam sent a major assault on US and South Vietnamese positions, they were stopped and pushed all the way back, but the media made it look like a terrible loss Martin Luther King Jr. organized a massive protest on Washington, D.C. where he gave his "I Have a Dream" speech LBJ’s crusade to improve poverty. It included economic and welfare programs Nixon’s national security advisor, negotiated Warren Burger Détente Vietnamization Watergate Title IX Iran Hostage Crisis OPEC Gerald Ford Thurgood Marshal Mikhail Gorbachev George H. W. Bush Geraldino Ferraro Glastnost/Perestroika Strategic Defense Initiative Yuppies Newt Gingrich Patriot Act George W. Bush end to Vietnam Supreme court justice, ruled abortion legal in Roe vs. Wade Period of relaxed tension between the Soviet Union and America The process of training the South Vietnamese to take on the war for themselves Burglars were caught wiretapping a room at the DNC, Nixon would be found connected to the burglars, and would resign Female athletics had to have same opportunity as male Iranian militants stormed US embassy and took hostages, embarrassed Carter on a national stage Collaboration of major oil producing nations to set prices Took presidency after Nixon resigned, would pardon Nixon, which would destroy his popularity as president First black Supreme Court justice First and last president of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union would be disbanded under him Reagan’s VP, would be President when the USSR fell First women to run for VP for a major party (Democrat). Programs initiated by Gorbachev to slowly relieve the Soviet Union “Star Wars”, set up by Reagan. Purpose was to bankrupt the Soviet Union as they were competing Young, professional businessmen of the good 80’s economy Leader of Republican Revolution in Congress under Clinton. Famous for balancing the budget in the “contract with America” Allowed US government agencies to get information (from sources like wire-tapping) on citizens of other countries Son of H.W. Bush, won presidency on narrow margin in 2000. President during 9/11 and War On Terror
