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Earth is composed of layers. Starting with the center of the earth, they are: Inner Core, Outer Core,
Mantle, and Crust.
The lithosphere is a layer that contains all of the crust and a little of the upper mantle.
The asthenosphere is the outer portion of the mantle and lies directly below the lithosphere.
When constructing a model of the layers of Earth, state of matter, thickness, temperature, pressure,
and elements in each layer should be considered.
An avocado could be used as a model of the Earth’s layers, with the pit as the core, the green flesh as
the mantle, and the skin as the crust. As with all models, however, the avocado model has limitations
such as shape, color, size, etc.
Earth’s lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates. The major tectonic plates are: the African plate,
Antarctic plate, Eurasian plate, Indo-Australian plate, North American plate, South American plate, and
Pacific plate.
Scientists believe that the plates move slowly and continuously because of convection currents in the
mantle.
The scientific theory, which describes this motion and the continuous changes in Earth’s surface, is
called Plate Tectonics.
The motion of tectonic plates results in major geological events and new landforms such as ocean
basins, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.
Where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. There are 3 main types of plate boundaries:
Divergent (pulling apart), Convergent (pushing together or colliding), and Transform (sliding past each
other).
When 2 land plates move apart at a divergent boundary, a rift valley forms. An example is the Great Rift
Valley in Africa. Eventually, if this movement continues for a long period of time, a new ocean basin
could form.
When 2 ocean plates move apart at a divergent boundary, seafloor spreading occurs. A mountain
range can form as magma is released through the crack in the ocean floor and cools. An example is the
Mid-Ocean Ridge in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
When 2 land plates collide at a convergent boundary, the crust can fold and crumple, creating
mountains, such as the Himalayan Mountains between India (on the Indo-Australian plate) and China
(on the Eurasian plate).
When an ocean plate collides with a land plate, the more dense ocean crust is forced below the
continental (land) crust, and a subduction zone is formed.
When 2 land plates slide past each other at a transform boundary, earthquakes can happen. An
example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California.
Be sure you know the order of the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune
Gravity is the force that keeps the moon in orbit.
The planets closest to the sun experience the greatest gravitational force of the sun.
The greater the mass of the planet the greater its gravitational pull on other objects.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an optical telescope that orbits the Earth. It has provided
astronomers with stunning pictures of asteroids, comets, stars, other planets and their moons and
distant galaxies. It is useful in helping scientists collect data to explain the origin of the universe.
The International Space Station (ISS) is a permanently orbiting space laboratory. It is constructed from
more than 100 separate modules and is designed to house up to seven people for months at a time.
The moon lacks the oxygen that people need in order to survive.
The sun and all the celestial objects (including the planets, their moons, asteroids, comets, and
meteoroids) that orbit the sun make up the solar system.
Comets are made up of dust and ice. Comets travel around the sun in long elliptical orbits.
Weight depends on how much gravity an object experiences. Because the moon has much less mass
than the earth, we weigh less on the moon than we do on Earth.
Neil Armstrong is known for being the first man to walk on the moon.
Elliptical orbits are oval shaped, not perfect circles.