Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
World History CHAPTER 11 Section 3 ( pages 314–317) TERMS AND NAMES Seljuks Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia Vizier Malik Shah B EFOR E YO U R E A D In the last section, you read about the growth of Russia. In this section, you will learn about the Turks in Anatolia. A S YO U R E AD Use the time line below to record important events in the rise and fall of the Seljuk Turks. 945 1095 Persians take control of the Abbasid Empire 1055 The Rise of the Turks (pages 314–315) Who were the Seljuk Turks? The Turks were nomads from central Asia. They lived by herding sheep and goats. They traded with the settled peoples of the Abbasid Empire. Beginning in the 900s, they moved into the lands of that empire and began converting to Islam. The Turks were fierce and highly skilled fighters. The rulers of the empire began to buy them as children to train them for their armies. These Turkish military slaves were known as mamelukes. The Turks became an important political factor in the empire. Turkish soldiers many times removed caliphs from the throne in Baghdad and put new rulers in their place. 1258 While the Turkish influence was growing, the empire itself was shrinking. Local leaders in several areas split off to establish their own states. In 945, a Persian army seized control of the empire. Members of the Abbasid family continued to hold the position of caliph and act as religious leaders. The new rulers of the government were from outside the dynasty. They were called sultans. Large numbers of Turks settled in the empire as these changes took place. They were called Seljuks after the name of the family that led them. In 1055, the Seljuks captured Baghdad and took control of the government. In the next few decades, the Seljuks used their force to take land from another empire—the Byzantine Empire. They won almost all of Anatolia. Anatolia was the name for the peninsula where modern Turkey is located. In this position, the Seljuks stood almost at the gates of Constantinople. The Seljuks relied on the government experience of Persians in ruling their empire. They chose the Persian city of Isfahan as the capital of their kingdom. They gave Persians important positions in the government. For example, Nizam al-Mulk was a Persian who served as vizier, or prime minister. In return, Persians became loyal supporters of Turkish rule. The Turks also adopted Persian culture. The nomadic Seljuk Turks had arrived in Southwest Asia as basically illiterate. They were not familiar with the traditions of Islam, which they had just adopted. They looked to Persian scholars to teach them the proper way to follow Islam. They began to use the Persian language for art and education. Turkish rulers even took the Persian word for “king”—shah—as their title. One of the greatest Seljuk rulers, Malik Shah, became a patron of the arts. He made the capital city more beautiful by building many mosques, or Muslim houses of worship. Persian became so important that Arabic—the language of the Qur’an—almost died out in Seljuk lands. 1. What influence did Persians and Persian culture have on the Seljuks? Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols (pages 316–317) Why did the Seljuk Empire collapse? After Malik Shah died unexpectedly in 1092, the Seljuk Empire collapsed quickly. Weak rulers could not maintain it. Collapse was also due to the Crusades. Rulers in western Europe sent armies to capture the lands of ancient Palestine. These were places sacred to Christians. The First Crusade began in 1095, and the Christian armies captured Jerusalem. They established a Latin Kingdom that lasted about a century. Eventually, the Turks gathered enough strength to fight back. They retook the city in 1187. Just when the Crusades became less of a threat to the Muslim world, the Mongols moved in from the east. They were led by a brutal leader, Genghis Khan. They killed tens of thousands of people and overran huge stretches of territory. Baghdad was captured in 1258. The Mongols killed the last caliph and took control of the government from the Seljuk Turks. 2. What brought the Seljuk Empire to an end? World History CHAPTER 11 Byzantine, Russian, Turkish, and Islamic Empires Section 3 Pages 314-317 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia As you read pages 314-317 about the rise and decline of the Turkish Empires in Anatolia, make notes in the chart below to describe the outcome of each action or situation. 1. In 945, Persian armies move into Baghdad. 2. In the tenth century, large numbers of Turks known as Seljuks migrate into the Abbasid Empire. 3. The Seljuks march on the Byzantine Empire. 4. The Seljuks choose a Persian city, Isfahan, as their capital city. 5. The Turks adopt Persian as the language of culture and adopt features of the Persian way of life. 6. Malik Shah, the last of the strong Seljuk leaders, dies. 7. The Seljuks fight back against the Crusaders after a century of domination. 8. Further Crusades occur, but each is weaker than the last one. Define: Vizier Seljuks Shah Malik Shah CHAPTER 11 Section 3 PRIMARY SOURCE Pope Urban II’s Call for a Crusade In 1093 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote to Robert, Count of Flanders, appealing to him to help save the Byzantine Empire and its church from Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II, who also read the letter, then launched the first Crusade, or holy war, in 1095. Calling on Christians to drive the Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land, the Pope delivered a passionate speech in French before the Council of Clermont. As you read this portion of his speech, think about how the Pope persuaded Christians in France to join the First Crusade. h, race of Franks, . . . race beloved and chosen by God (as is clear from many of your works), set apart from all other nations by the situation of your country, as well as by your Catholic faith and the honor you render to the holy Church: to you our discourse is addressed. . . . We wish you to know what a serious matter has led us to your country, for it is the imminent peril threatening you and all the faithful that has brought us hither. From the confines of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth . . . namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race wholly alienated from God, . . . has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. . . . They have either destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness . . . The kingdom of the Greeks [the Eastern Empire] is now dismembered by them and has been deprived of territory. . . . On whom, therefore, rests the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory, if not upon you—you, upon whom, above all other nations, God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the heads of those who resist you? Let the deeds of your ancestors encourage you and incite your minds to manly achievements. . . . Let the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Saviour, which is possessed by the unclean nations, especially arouse you. . . . Oh most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, do not degenerate, but recall the valor of your ancestors. But if you are hindered by love of children, parents, or wife, remember what the Lord says in the Gospel, “He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me.” . . . Let none of your O possessions restrain you, nor anxiety for your family affairs. For this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population. . . . Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage war, and that very many among you perish in civil strife. . . . And we neither command nor advise that the old or feeble, or those incapable of bearing arms, undertake this journey. Nor ought women to set out at all without their husbands, or brothers, or legal guardians. . . . The priests and other clergy, whether secular or regular, are not to go without the consent of their bishop. . . . Also, it is not fitting that laymen should enter upon the pilgrimage without the blessing of their priests. Whoever, therefore, shall decide upon this holy pilgrimage, and shall make his vow to God to that effect, . . . shall wear the sign of the cross of the Lord on his forehead or on his breast. When he shall return from his journey, having fulfilled his vow, let him place the cross on his back between his shoulders. Thus shall ye . . . fulfill the precept of the Lord, as He commands in the Gospel, “He that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me.” from Milton Viorst, The Great Documents of Western Civilization (New York: Bantam, 1965), 36–38. Discussion Questions Determining Main Ideas 1. What wrongs did the Pope accuse the Seljuk Turks of carrying out? 2. Which groups of Christians did the Pope exclude from his call for a crusade? 3. Making Inferences What appeals to emotions did the Pope use to persuade Christians to participate in the First Crusade?