Download EAST ASIA-II

EAST ASIA-II
(CHAPTER 9: 440-464)
CHINA’S POPULATION
1.306 BILLION
ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.7% (1970S - 3%)
DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS
LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 (MALES), 73 (FEMALES)
TFR 1.8 BORN/WOMEN (1997)
ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 353 PEOPLE/SQ MI
PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,524 PEOPLE/SQ MI
ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION
LIVES ON THIS LAND

DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED
(MINORITIES)
POPULATION DENSITY (MAP)
POPULATION PROFILE
URBAN CHINA (INCLUDES MAP)
38% URBANIZED
LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
AIR POLLUTION
CONGESTION
WATER POLLUTION

SHANGHAI (MAP)
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS STEMMED FROM THE STATE CONTROLLED ECONOMY.
SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED
POPULAR RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CENTRAL POLICY HAVE
WEAKENED CHINA’S POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAM.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM
1950s- 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE
PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM
BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL
LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED.
FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED.
INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL
ENTERPRISES.
EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY”
DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION,
POPULATION GROWTH
AGRICULTURAL REGIONS (MAP)
ENERGY RESOURCES (MAP)
DENG XIAOPING ERA
TOOK POWER IN 1979 AS A “PRAGMATIC MODERATE”
ATTEMPTED TO WED COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH
CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES
OPENED CHINA TO FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PERMITTED STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD
DENG XIAOPING
INTRODUCED ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION MEASURES
DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING
SHIFTED TO THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURE
CREATED SEZs, OPEN CITIES, OPEN COASTAL AREAS
ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY”
ECONOMIC INITIATIVES
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

5 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE
INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT
REGULATIONS EASED, LAND LEASES SIMPLIFIED, ETC

OPEN CITIES
INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES
SCALED BACK TO 4 CITIES
NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI

OPEN COASTAL AREAS
ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
INVESTOR INCENTIVES
LOW TAXES
EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS
SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES
HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED
PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA
(UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)
LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION
CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES (MAP)
OPEN CITIES
SIZE
OVERSEAS TRADING HISTORY
LINKS TO “OVERSEAS CHINESE”
LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
POOL OF LOCAL TALENT AND LABOR
CONFINED TO COASTAL AREAS
XIZANG (TIBET)
A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED
CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY
IN 1720
GAINED SEPARATE STATUS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
CHINA’S COMMUNIST REGIME TOOK CONTROL IN THE 1950s
BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES
FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN
AUTONOMOUS REGION
XINJIANG
COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA
A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS
CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION
MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION
BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS
UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES
HONG KONG
MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER
PORT
BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR
6 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES
ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES
1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA
HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG
ACQUIRED A NEW STATUS AS CHINA’S ONLY SPECIAL
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (SAR)
MONGOLIA
STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.5 MILLION
INHABITANTS
PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911
BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s
FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE
ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS