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ISLAM one of the three major world religions, along with Judaism and Christianity, that profess monotheism means “surrender” or “submission”—submission to the will of God MUSLIM “one who surrenders to God” *Islam’s central teaching is that there is only one all-powerful, all-knowing God, and this God created the universe. *All Muslims belong to one community, the umma, irrespective of their ethnic or national background. *Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world *Children born to Muslim parents are automatically considered Muslim. At any time, a non-Muslim can convert to Islam by declaring himself or herself to be a Muslim. A person’s declaration of faith is sufficient evidence of conversion to Islam and need not be confirmed by others or by religious authorities. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAMessential duties of every adult Muslim who is mentally able the profession of faith (shahada) -'I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his messenger.' prayer (salat) -All adult Muslims are supposed to perform five prayers, preceded by ritual cleansing or purification of the body at different intervals of the day -rak’assequence of units during prayer; acts of standing, bowing, and prostrating during prayers and facing a set direction (qibla) -Kaabaan ancient shrine in the city of Mecca; direction in which they face during salat FIVE PRAYERS dawn (fajr or subh), noon (zuhr), midafternoon (asr), sunset (maghrib), and evening (isha) *The opening chapter of the Qur’an, al-Fatiha, is repeated in each unit in a prayer sequence. Each prayer concludes with the recitation of the profession of faith followed by the greeting 'may the peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you.' almsgiving (zakat) -considered as an expression of devotion to Allah - attempt to provide poorer sectors of society -means for a Muslimto purify his or her wealth or to attain salvation fasting (sawm) RAMADAN- 9th month of the lunar calendar *The month of Ramadan is sacred because the first revelation of the Qur’an is said to have occurred during this month. the fast introduces physical and spiritual discipline, serves to remind the rich of the misfortunes of the poor, and fosters, through this rigorous act of worship, a sense of solidarity and mutual care among Muslims of all social backgrounds pilgrimage (hajj) -must take place during the 12th lunar month of the year ( Dhu al-Hijja) FROM REPORT NA PO ITO! :D Annual and Weekly Celebrations Yawm Al-Jumu'ah -"the day of congregation“ -Muslims gather in the masjid (mosque) for a khutba (sermon or address) followed by Salat led by an Imam. -After the Salat, people meet each other in the masjid and may visit relatives and friends -In Islam there is no Sabbath, therefore, there is no mandatory closing of businesses on Friday except for the duration of congregational services Ramadan -ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is known as the month of fasting -During Ramadan, Muslims get up before dawn, 2-3 hours before sunrise, and eat a pre-dawn meal -no eating, drinking, or sexual activity between dawn and sunset -Muslims must implement the moral code of Islam very strictly; the violation thereof nullifies their fast Laylat Al-Qadr -"the night of decree“; "the night of measure"; "the night of value“ -worship and works of this night carry more value than the worship and works of one thousand months -night when angels descend with the decree of Allah -night may be any of the odd nights of Ramadan during the last ten days, meaning, Laylat al-Qadr may be the 21st or 23rd or 25th or 27th or 29th night of Ramadan -Muslims stay awake all night reading and studying the Qur'an, listening to religious addresses and performing Salat I'tekaf -isolation from the worldly affairs -Those who are in I'tikaf are allowed to go out for necessities only, such as for food and to use the bathroom and shower, if not found within the mosque area. 'Eid Al-Fitr -first day of the month following Ramadan -celebration of fast-breaking -Muslims gather in a larger facility than the neighborhood masjid and join in Salat al-'Eid which is composed of Salat followed by an address by the Imam (leader) 'Eid Al-Adha -celebration of sacrifice which comes two months and ten days after 'Eid al-Fitr -Muslims celebrate the sacrifice of the lamb in place of Ishmael (Isma'il) by his father, Abraham -On this day, after Salat al-'Eid (the prescribed 'Eid prayers), Muslims sacrifice an animal: a ram, goat, sheep, cow or camel -The meat is divided into three parts: one part is distributed among the poor and needy, one part is distributed among relatives and friends and one part is used by the family -celebrated on the 10th of Dhul Hijja, the 12th month of the Islamic lunar calendar, and again depends upon the crescent sighting for the first of the month Cultural Celebrations innovations in Islam and have no foundation in the Qur'an, the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad(S) or practices of the Sahaba, the companions of the Prophet(S) The following celebrations are religious/cultural innovations which are discouraged by the informed Islamic scholars ' Eid Milad Al-Nabi or Mawlid Al-Nabi most common innovative celebration in the Muslim world supposed to celebrate the "birthday" of the Prophet Muhammad(S). It is an innovation of later times, reported to have been introduced by the Fatimids in Egypt, a very corrupt Shi'ite sub-sect. Laylat Al-Isra & Al-Me'raj or Shab-E-Me'raj A verse in the Qur'an (17:1) states that the Messenger(S) of Allah was taken one night to Jerusalem and brought back to Makkah. There is no authentic day or date of this event recorded nor did the Prophet(S) or his companions ever celebrate this night. Laylat Nisf Sha'ban or Shab-E-Barat celebration which takes place on the 15th night of the 8th month of the Islamic lunar calendar, Sha'ban but has no foundation in the Qur'an or teachings of the Prophet(S) Birthdays and death days of saints (awlia-Allah) and Imams Some Sunni Muslims celebrate such days for many assumed saintly persons and Shi'as celebrate such days for their assumed Imams related celebrations held annually at the graves and mausoleums of reputedly virtuous men (assumed saints or awlia-Allah) of the past era Such celebrations on or off the grave sites are not permitted according to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad(S). -meann. Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism The Arab-Israeli conflict accounts for much of the trouble happening in the Middle East. The Jews got their lands but the Palestinians lost theirs Israeli victory in the 6 Day War in 1967 increased Israel’s territory and led to the occupation of the Golan Heights, the Sinai desert, East Jerusalem The old city of Jerusalem, considered sacred by Muslim, Jews and Christians was now under the sole jurisdiction of Israel. The military failure of the Arab countries to weaken and destroy the Jewish state led to the increasing radicalization of the Palestinian Liberation Organization under Yasser Arafat (PLO). Majority of the displaced Palestinians went to Lebanon; others had no choice but to go back to the Israelioccupied West Bank. The expulsion of the PLO from Jordan made the Palestinians bitter and angry at Arab countries. On October 6, 1973, the Syrian army attacked Israeli forces in the Golan Heights while the Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal and attacked the Israeli forces encamped along the Canal. In the opening salvo of the war, called the Yom Kippur War. Intense diplomacy sponsored by the US and the then Soviet Union led to a military truce. On June 6, Israel invaded Lebanon with the aim of destroying the PLO leadership and its military component Only the timely intervention of the United States stopped what could have been a massacre. The Americans pressured the Israelis to leave Lebanon. In its place was an army contingent called the Multinational Force taken from France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States. The Americans pressured the Israelis to leave Lebanon. In its place was an army contingent called the Multinational Force taken from France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States. The continued Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip further inflamed the Palestinians. Frustrated and angered by their failure to get back their homeland, and embittered by the Jewish policy of treating them like second class citizens, the Palestinians resisted and fought back armed only with stones. It was led by a new Palestinian organization which sought to rival the PLO-it called itself the Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas. The Intifadah proved to be embarrassing for Israel as Israeli tanks are seen on TV confronting Palestinian youngsters whose only weapons are stones. . Many foreign countries, particularly the United States, were pressuring Israel to negotiate with the Palestinians to end the conflict. A breakthrough in the negotiations occurred when secret talks between PLO and Israeli officials in Norway led to a general agreement where the PLO would recognize Israel’s right to exist while Israel would withdraw from Gaza and the West Bank In essence, the two sides agreed that Israel would withdraw on Gaza and the West Bank, followed by elections of a Palestinian Council which would run the two sites. -mia FROM THE PROPHET AND THE BOOK… THE PROPHET AND THE BOOK Muhammad, the Prophet – Islam’s central figure -his father died before birth, his mother died when he was 6 Quraysh – Mecca’s pre-eminent tribe, where Muhammad’s family, the Hashims, belonged Ka’ba – a shrine under Quraysh control, a crude structure which in Muhammad’s day was already known as “God’s house”. Jahiliyya – age of paganism Christian Byzantium Zoroastrian Persia 2 rival empires to the north Muhammad’s era – marked by explosion of the Bedouin population, stretching the desert’s limited resources in food and water to the breaking point. Khadijah – wealthy merchant’s widow; Muhammad’s first wife - They had 7 kids; all boys died; 4 daughters survived to adulthood Aisha – Muhammad’s favorite wife Shahada – bearing witness “There is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet” ♫Muhammad – simple man with no capacity to perform miracles, described himself as last in line of prophets Shari’a, Islamic law – based on the precedents set by the prophet in his lifetime ♫Islamic doctrine treats Muhammad as a paragon, a leader in possession of wisdom conveyed to him by God, a nearly perfect human II. Muhammad’s revelations – Muhammad passed them on as he received them by word of mouth often in the marketplace. Professional scribes – recorded Muhammad’s revelations Abu Bakr – Muhammad’s immediate successor - He first ordered the revelations assembled, and for a time the competing collections circulated. Uthman - the 3rd caliph who appointed a commission to end the Confusion; it produced the standard edition. Shiism – quarreled with Caliph Uthman - Did not accept Uthman’s edition, adopted their own. Quran – composed of 114 suras. Every sura is said to be a separate Revelation ♫ suras appeared in order of length (earliest pronouncement were briefest) Muhammad’s first revelation – 96th read Ulama – they contended that the Quran be properly understood through their intercession Mu’tazilites – body of dissident theologians - Denied that the Quran existed for all time and maintained that God had created it. Orthodoz doctrine – hold that Quran existed for all time and Muhammad simply transmitted to the Arabs a message that was eternal. Secular scholars – treated Quran as a historical document - Hypothesized that more than one hand was involved in the preparation of the Quran and that the prophet had not finished when it died and that some parts of the text was lost III. Quran’s dominant vision – God presides indefatigably over fate of mankind. Islam – means ‘submission’ Muslim – ‘one who has submitted’ Abd allah – ‘slave of God’ First test of eternity accdg to Quran – whether an individual has submitted to God’s will ♫Quran believes in heaven and in hell ♫Islam is still looks on debate on issue of freewill vs. Determinism ♫Quran exhorts believers to choose moral conduct Zakat – alms for the poor Lex talionis – law of retaliation ♫ “He who hath killed a believer by mistake must set free a believing slave, and pay the blood money to the family of the slain…” ♫ “As for the thief, both male and female, cut off their hands.” Hudud – prescribed penalties ♫Treatment of slaves in 7th century Arabia - “Force not your slave girls to whoredom” ♫ On infanticide – “Slay not your children, fearing a fall to a poverty. We shall provide for them and for you” ♫ Quran is a men’s document, it addresses men, rarely women. permits It commends men to decent treatment of women but Them, with scarcely more than moral qualm, to dispose of wives who ceases to please them. ♫Dress code – “God wants women to be fully covered”, “covering the head with a hejah” Sheikh Gad al –Haq – insisted that the Quran requires that women be circumcised Jihad – personal striving for holiness or simply ‘holy war’ ♫Islamic jurists held apostasy punishable by death VI Year 619 – the year Muhammad lost Abu Talib and Khadijah Yathrib people – Muhammad converted some of these traders June 622 – 70 members of Mecca’s muslim community slipped secretly out of town Hijra – migration to Yathrib - Marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar Yathrib – known as Medina,the City of the Prophet Umma – community to which all Islamic believers belonged Battle at Badr – great moment in Islamic history Year 630 – Muhammad captured Mecca 632 – death of Muhammad Abu bakr – Muhammad’s closest friend whom he named during his final illness to lead the community prayer - Fellow Meccan, father of Aisha Rashidun – ‘rightly guided’ Abu Bakr – caliph(successor to the Prophet) Ali – Muhammad’s cousin and husband of his daughter Fatima - Became the 4th caliph Ridda – ‘apostacy’ in Arabic lore, the rebels aimed to restore looser social controls of pre-Islamic society V. Making the Sharia Prophet- centered principle – acknowledges Quran as the first source of Islamic law but regard the Prophet’s precedents on an equally legitimate basis for fixing the rules of Islamic behavior. ♫ Muhammad is the link between God’s will and the laws of human behavior Shari – ‘the lawgiver’ Shari’a – the road to the watering place or ‘the Way’ Sunna – meaning ‘tradition’ - Used by the Arabian tribes as equivalent of the law Sunni – literally means followers of tradition Muhammad’s death – golden age of Rashidun Shura – ‘consultation’ Omar – elected in Shura 2 years after the death of Abu Bakr Uthman - Succeeded after Omar - His reign precipitated as civil war, and the SunniShi’ite schism that lasts to this day “The conflict began when Ali, sensing the Umayyad’s dynastic ambitions began recruiting troops to challenge Uthman. Most of the Bedouin tribes, wooed by both, were undecided whose side to take.While rival contingents were lining up, Uthman was murdered by an insurgent soldier. Ali was elected by the shura to succeed him.When the Umayyad clan rejected the election, the civil war broke out.” “Leading the Umayyads was Muawiyya, a nephew whom Uthman had appointed governor of Syria…Muawiya persuaded Ali to accept a truce which dragged on and on. It ended when Ali was murdered. Muawiyya seized the opportunity and pronounced himself caliph, without reerence to shura. It was Islam’s 1st coup d’etat” Hussein – son of Ali - Formed a party Shi’ate Ali from which comes the name Schi’ism Schiism- to resume the civil war -attracted the surly and poor; -Movement of outsiders Sunni arabs – the Islmic mainstream 680-Umayyads defeated a Shi’ite army at Karbala in Iraq, where a giant mosque now stands as a memorial to Hussein Westerners Shari’a -understand law as an -claiming to be divine, instrument of the state; it is deniesto the state the the government that makes authority to make law.This and enforcesrules of behavior authority is asserted by the ulama, the body of senior jurists, as Islam interpreters ♫by Islam’s 2nd century, makers of shari’a broke into several schools(Kufa, and Basra in Iraq, Mecca and Medina in Arabia. There was no schools in Damascus, the Umayyad capital.) ♫scholars were designated traditionists Hadith – ‘tradition’ In Arab ♫Traditionist principles bear a resemblance to English common law Strict Rules of Traditionists -they were not permitted personal opinionsor interpretations of what the law should be.Least of all were they permitted to propose innovations -they were allowed to use analogy but not pure reason to derive a conclusion -they were also required toresolve their disagreements by a consenses, which was long standing tribal practice. VII. A.D. 750 – Umayyad caliphate came to an end Abbasids – brought Umayyad’s downfall - Hashemite family related to both Muhammad and Ali - They claimed divine mission to restore the prophet’s kin to power ♫ Abbasid triumph was as much the product of social shifts as of a military power Abbasid’s defeat of the Umayyads -signaled the eastward shift of the Arabheartland from Syria to Iraq, a transformation that was as much cultural as was strategic ♫Life under the Umayyad’s followed Arabian tribial ways. Under the Abbasids, Arabs embraced a Persiaoriented worldliness. Baghdad-epitomized the new regime Abbasid caliphs-more devoubt than Umayyads -Venerated the newly discovered wisdom of the Greeks -practiced a cosmopolitan self-indulgence that was much in excess of Umayyad ways -from late 8th to mid 9th century. They presided over the world’s most powerful empire, Baghdad Harun-al Rashid – most eminent of Abbasid caliphs The Thousand and One Nights –work that is based on stories from the Persians, Indians, Greeks and perhaps even the Hebrews, though profoundlyArab. -where Harun appeared as caliph and lover -the tales it contains testify to the cosmopolitan of the Baghdad elite Sinbad, the sailor- central figure in the collection, is a model for the far ranging Muslim merchant of the Abbasid era -nrfa