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Name What new technologies facilitated European overseas expansion? Technology that facilitated European overseas expansion: The Cannon The Caravel Ship The Magnetic Compass The Astrolabe Why is Prince Henry of Portugal significant? Prince Henry of Portugal is significant because he commanded the advancement of exploration past the northern coast of North Africa and inspired later explorers and contributed to Portugal’s great wealth and early lead in exploration. How did medieval Arab chroniclers tend to describe people from sub-Saharan Africa? Arabic chronicles and traditions described sub-Saharan Africans as sub-human people. When Europe’s need for slavery lead them to Africa, the Islamic and Christian beliefs excused their enslaving of the subSaharans. Who controlled trade in the Indian Ocean before the Portuguese gained control? The Muslims controlled the Indian Ocean trade before the Portuguese over-powered them by taking over the Muslim forts in India. Diaz da Gama and Cabral initially created the trade routes to the Indian Ocean. Which European kingdom took the lead in overseas exploration? Portugal took an early lead in overseas exploration due to an encouraging government, breaching of the seemingly limitless riches in the East, and social/religious problems at home. After Portugal established the largest gold income, Spain soon followed with its overseas expansion, claiming north of Portuguese Brazil in present day Mexico. With limited economic mobility and renaissance curiosities, Portuguese and Spanish exploration lead took lead of the European expansion. What country’s trade did the Dutch East India Company basically take over? The Dutch East India Company dominated the American exchange with Africa. The Dutch trading routes brought slaves mostly to Brazil but to Northern America as well. What were the primary motivations for European Explorers? The primary motivations for European explorers were mostly economic, but also encompassed political and religious. Europeans (Spanish) had limited economic mobility and took quick notice to the lucrative Indian trade. Religiously, many Europeans sought to convert non-Christians and Muslims to help others achieve salvation. The new centralized governments supported courageous explorers who could bring galleons of gold back home. What groups of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century? The large price increases benefited the merchants the most. Unlike the peasants who were left starving to death, merchants were profiting from the price increases. The price increase was do to massive inflation from the new economies overseas (for Spain). What is a quinto? The quinto was the beginning of the new mercantilist policies enacted by Spain upon its colonies. In the monarchy’s point of view, the colonies existed for the mother country’s benefit. The quinto gave one-fifth of all precious metals mined in its colonies directly to the crown. To follow up with its quinto and mercantilist policies, Spain also highly discouraged foreign and independent economies to keep it’s colonies dependant on the mother country. Why hypotheses do scholars offer to explain the great witch-hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Some scholars say the witch-hunts were due to the instability of the social classes, while others say it was for local governments to prove their religious values and strength by being able to beat the devil as it controlled women. Some uneasy with an increase in the female population blamed the weak What were the most significant changes brought about by the Columbian voyages? The Columbian voyages set the way for Spanish imperialism in the Western world. When Columbus founded colonies on the West Indies, he opened ports to both import African slaves and export Native slaves. Columbus is also attributed to the killing of thousands of Natives and the enslaving of many more. Where did the Portuguese bring the first African slaves? The Portuguese first brought African slaves to Brazil, the new Portuguese colony in South America. In Brazil, the slaves were used to grow sugar and clear the land for future Portuguese expansion. What disease did the Amerindians give the Spanish? The Amerindians gave the Spanish explorers both yellow fever and syphilis. However, the European diseases brought to the Americas were much worse. Europeans brought small pox and rare cases of the plague over in the ‘Columbian Exchange’ between the New and Old Worlds. What is a caravel? A caravel is a small boat used by the Portuguese and then the Spanish in exploration and overseas expansion. The boats, being small, were capable of exploring up rivers and in shallow waters, enabling the new colonies to be more inland by traveling by river. Also, the small caravels were fast and easily maneuverable in the uncharted and potentially dangerous waters. The ships were later replaced by more suitable ships for exploration, but left their mark in early expansion.