Download Bryophytes and Ferns

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
February 4, 2008
Vocabulary
Gymnosperms
Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta Ginkgo
pollen cone Monocot
Dicot Cotyledon
Flower
carpel stamen
Double Fertilization endosperm
Perfect/Imperfect flower
Fruit seed
ovulate cone
ovary
1. Fill in the following table to compare bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Clades included
Bryophytes
Hepatophyta(liverworts)
Ferns
Lycophyta,
Gymnosperms
Coniferophyta
Angiosperms
Monocot
Anthecerophyta(Hornworts)
Pterophyta
Cycadophyta
Dicot
Bryophyta(mosses)
Ginkgophyta
Dominant stage
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Sporophyte
sporophyte
Vascular tissue?
No
Yes
Yes
yes
Seeds?
No
No
Yes- naked
Yes- covered
Branched sporophytes? No
Yes
Yes
yes
Is a life stage
Yes-sporophyte on
No
Yes-
Yes-
dependent?
gametophyte
gametophyte
Gametophyte
Needs moisture? Why?
Yes- for sperm to swim to
Yes- for sperm
Not for sperm
Not for sperm
egg
to swim to egg
transfer
transfer
Flowers and Fruits?
No
No
No
Yes
Mode of transfer of
Moisture
moisture
Wind
Wind, animals,
male gamete
Type of fertilization
birds, insects
normal
normal
normal
DOuble
2. Explain the characteristics of conifers.
reduced needle-like leaves
– pollination is wind-dependent (compare to animal-dispersed in many angiosperms)
– almost all are evergreens
– vascular tissue
– pollen & seeds (usually naked) borne in cones
3. Compare and contrast the life-cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperm.
Look at the Life-cycles at the end of the worksheet. Major difference- Angiosperms have flower and
fruits, they have double fertilization. Gymnosperms don’t have flowers and fruits- they have cones. They
don’t have double fertilization.
4. Differentiate between monocots and dicots based on their cotyledons, leaves, vascular bundles, roots,
and flowers.
Cotyledon
leaves
Vascular bundle
Root
Flowers
Monocot
one
parallel veins complexly arranged
Fibrous Root system Floral parts
in multiples of 3
Dicot
two
net-like veins arranged in a ring
Tap Root System
Floral parts in
Multiples of 4 or 5
5. What are different parts of a seed and function of each?
Embryo- grow into new plant
Cotyledons- grow into stem, also food source
Radical- grow into roots
Endosperm- food storage
6. Draw a perfect flower and an incomplete flower and label each parts.
A perfect flower has both stamen and carpel present.
An imperfect flower doesn’t have both parts present but only one of them- so the flower will either have
stamen only- male flower or carpel only- female flower.
7. Explain the fertilization process in angiosperms.
Look at the life cycle.
Double fertilization takes place in which a sperm fuses with an egg to form zygote(2n) that then
develops into embryo. The other sperm then fuses with two cells(nuclei) present at the center of
embryo sac (ovule) to form endospore(3n) that acts as food reserve.
8. Explain different forms of pollination and seed dispersal and also talk about coevolution in animals and
plants.
Pollination by insects, birds, mammals etc. Flowers need to be colorful and attractive, may be smell better or
taste better. Also they need to have more nectar.
The animals need to be able to see colors, also visualize UV radiation and able to guide the group to the flower
like in bee- bee dance.
Seed dispersal- The fruit and seed needs to be have food, the seeds should not be digested by the animals. Also
the seeds might have special structures so that they can stick to the body and be transferred.
9. What are plants important to us?
There are so many like food source, source of oxygen, medicine, antibiotics and so on.
\
Life Cycle of Angiosperms