* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Insight Therapies
Albert Ellis wikipedia , lookup
Hidden personality wikipedia , lookup
Freud's psychoanalytic theories wikipedia , lookup
Art therapy wikipedia , lookup
Primal therapy wikipedia , lookup
Transtheoretical model wikipedia , lookup
Professional practice of behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Gestalt therapy wikipedia , lookup
Psychoanalysis wikipedia , lookup
Chelation therapy wikipedia , lookup
Dance therapy wikipedia , lookup
Behaviour therapy wikipedia , lookup
Methods of neuro-linguistic programming wikipedia , lookup
Residential treatment center wikipedia , lookup
Dodo bird verdict wikipedia , lookup
Adherence management coaching wikipedia , lookup
Emotionally focused therapy wikipedia , lookup
Conversion therapy wikipedia , lookup
The Radical Therapist wikipedia , lookup
Reality therapy wikipedia , lookup
Equine-assisted therapy wikipedia , lookup
Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Relationship counseling wikipedia , lookup
Hart 1 Chapter 14: Therapies Insight Therapies: Common goal: give people a better awareness and understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions to facilitate better adjustment. Psychoanalysis: Freud – anxiety symptoms of inner conflicts dating back to childhood. Problems concern aggressive or sexual drives whose expression was forbidden to the child. Repressed impulses from childhood lurk in the adult’s unconscious mind – creating various psychological disorders Idea of psychoanalysis is to bring the unconscious to conscious awareness. Techniques: Free association Blank screen – patient projects unconscious thoughts and feelings Analysis proceeds very slowly – analyst maintains neutrality through the process. This creates reassurance on part of the patient. Project on their analyst feelings they have toward authority figures from their childhood – this is known as transference. Positive transference Negative transference – a crucial step in psychoanalysis – reveals the patients’ negative feelings toward authority figures and their resistance to uncovering their repressed emotions. Analyst eventually interprets or suggests an alternative meaning for the patients’ feelings, memories and actions. This helps patient’s gain insight – encouraged to confront childhood events and recall them fully. As they relive their childhood traumas, they become able to resolve conflicts they could not resolve in the past. Working through old conflicts is the last part of the therapeutic process. Problems with Psychoanalysis: Hart 2 This type of traditional analysis takes 5 years or longer. It also does not give immediate help for immediate problems. It is not effective with severely disturbed patients. Client Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers: also called person centered Goal of therapy is to help people become fully functioning open them up to all of their experiences and to all of themselves. Insight into current feelings most important Place responsibility for change on the patient Most people have experienced conditional positive regard This creates defensiveness, rigidity, anxiety and other signs of discomfort. Love and acceptance are contingent on conforming to what others want them to be. Cardinal rule in person-centered therapy is unconditional positive regard. This is a crucial first step toward getting clients to accept themselves This is nondirective therapy. Reflect clients’ statements; create an atmosphere of openness and genuine respect. Sees therapy as a process. It has been found that a therapist’s warmth and understanding increase success no matter what therapeutic approach is used. Gestalt Therapy: Fritz Perls – turned completely against Freud and psychoanalysis techniques. Gestalt emphasizes Here and Now & Face to Face confrontations. Hart 3 Helps people become more genuine or “real” in their day-to-day interactions. Therapist is active and directive. Emphasis on the whole person Filling in the holes and making the person whole again. “Own you own feelings” He makes me angry is not owning your own feelings Clients are alone responsible for their feelings and for their lives. Empty chair technique Other therapies: Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy Regardless of type of treatment improvement tends to occur fairly quickly in most people. Problem centered or solution focused therapy. Behavior Therapy: Contrasts with Insight: 1. Therapist is more active 2. Concentrate on changing people’s behavior rather than on increasing insight into their thoughts and feelings 3. Operative within a briefer frame work Behaviorists believe psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior rather than on thoughts, feelings and unconscious processes. Insight Therapists regard personality disorders as the symptoms of unconscious forces or products of insufficient awareness or insight. Hart 4 Behavior therapists argue that the disorder is the problem. Teacher people to behave in more appropriate ways, they have cured the problem. All behavior is learned. Job of the therapists is to teach patients better ways of behaving. Classical Conditioning: Systematic desensitization – gradually reducing fear and anxiety. Relaxation part of this Hierarchy of fears Teaches relaxation and as they encounter the fears. The success of this may be the fact that we don’t learn a new behavior but experience the extinction of an old. Flooding – exposing to the fear directly and strongly. Aversive conditioning: associate pain and discomfort with a behavior you want to unlearn. Used to treat alcoholism, obesity and smoking. But use has declined in recent years. Not long-term effective. Operant Conditioning Behavior contracting Token economy – levels of privileges Token economies work in institutions, but do not always generalize to everyday life outside the hospital or clinic. In every day life behaviors are not always reinforced with tokens and maladaptive behavior is not always ignored or punished. Modeling: Hart 5 Watching others model the behavior you want. Good combined with positive reinforcement. Modeling used to teacher appropriate social responses and job skills for those with mental retardation. Cognitive Therapies To change you way of thinking about the problem should lead to a new way of living. They identify the erroneous ways of thinking and correct them. Stress-inoculation therapy - self-talk to help clients cope with stressful situations. This is effective with anxiety disorders. Rational emotive therapy Most people hold a set of irrational and self-defeating beliefs. Beck’s Cognitive Therapy: Depression results from negative patterns of thought that people develop about themselves. Help clients examine each dysfunctional thought in a supportive but objectively scientific manner. Leaders clients to a more realistic and flexible way of thinking. Group Therapy: Interaction with others. Maladaptive behaviors show up quickly in a group setting. Provides social support. Not the only person in the world with emotional problems. Self-Help Groups: Hart 6 Not mental health professionals - composed of people who have a common problem. Most known and successful is AA. Also known as Twelve Step Groups. Family Therapy: Goals improving family communication, encouraging more empathy, getting members to share responsibilities reducing intrafamily conflict. Carl Whittaker – multigenerational family therapy. Couples therapy improves communication and expectations. Cognitive marital therapy – recognize ways they have been misinterpreting each other’s communications. Couple therapy for both partners is generally more effective that therapy for only one of them. Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: Eyenck first to study – helped about 2/3 of the people, but also found 2/3 will recover within 2 years without any treatment at all. This caused a storm of controversy. Another study said only 1 out of 3 improves without treatment. Also, consider some of those no therapy people can get help from friends, clergy, teachers, etc. Value of therapy depends on 1. People who want to change 2. More successful in mild disorders compared to severe. Seligman study: 90% of the respondents reported feeling better.