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Classroom Notes CHAPTER 19 METHODS OF THERAPY I. WHAT IS THERAPY? A. Psychotherapy - psychology-based therapy which involves verbal interactions between a trained pro and a client. 4 common types pg 437 1.Psychoanalysis 2.Humanistic 3.Cognitive 4.Behavior B. Professionals 1.Counseling Psychologist 2.Clinical Psychologist 3.Psychiatrist 4.Psychiatric Social Worker 5.Psychiatric Nurse C. Group Therapy 1.Advantages - cheaper, support from group, not alone, shows that therapy works when others in the group are successful 2.Couples Therapy - to help 2 people improve their relationship thru better communication 3.Family Therapy - improve family communications 4.Self-Help Groups - for people who share similar problems 5.Encounter Groups - for people looking for emotional growth, try to become aware of their own feelings & feelings of others II.PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH A. Free Association - therapist asks client to relax and say whatever comes to mind. Freudian……assumes problem stems from repressed desires in unconscious. 1. Resistance – term used to describe client's reluctance to discuss certain key issues. Therapist must overcome this to be successful. B. Dream Analysis – Freud’s “Royal Road to the Unconscious”. Dreams express unconscious thoughts and feelings 1.Manifest Content - actual content of the dream as remembered by dreamer 2.Latent Content - analysts' interpretation, the hidden meaning of the dream C. Transference –Clients transfer feelings and expectations from one person to another - the therapist. D. Evaluation - criticized for being too costly and for placing too much emphasis on sexual and aggressive urges III.HUMANISTIC APPROACH A. Humanistic Therapy - the goal is to help individuals reach their full potential B. Person-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers, to help people find their "true self" 1. Non directive - client controls own therapy 2.Active Listening - listener (therapist) repeats, rephrases or asks for clarification C. Evaluation - very successful for those who choose it. Best for well-educated, motivated people with minor problems. IV.COGNITIVE & BEHAVIOR THERAPY A. Cognitive Therapy - to help clients change their way of thinking 1.Rational-Emotive Therapy - Albert Ellis, focuses on faulty assumptions 2.Beck's Cognitive Therapy - Aaron Beck, focuses on illogical thought processes 3.Evaluation - short-term, less expensive, good for depression, anxiety & personality disorders B. Behavior Therapy - the goal is to eliminate undesirable behavior 1.Counterconditioning - "unlearning" bad behaviors a.systemic desensitization - slowly expose patient to anxiety producer b.modeling - client observes and then imitates desired behaviors c.aversive therapy - undesired behavior is paired with something negative 2.Operant Conditioning - encouraging desired behaviors thru rewards 3.Evaluation - very effective, short-term, cheap, good for phobias, PTSD, OCD, addictions and more V.BIOLOGICAL THERAPY A. Drug Therapy - most widely used therapy method today, designed to change brain's chemical make-up 1.antianxiety - depressants to calm anxiety 2.antidepressant - increase neurotransmitters for depression 3.Lithium - levels out mood fluctuations in bipolar patients 4.antipsychotic - major tranquilizers, reduce agitation and hallucinations in schizo's B. Electroconvulsive Therapy - ECT, electrical current passed thru brain to shock it into chemical change C. Psychosurgery - prefrontal lobotomy