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Civ IA- PowerPoint text- Lectures 3-4 • Lecture 3- Early (Western) Civilizations I) Mesopotamia: basic and empires II) Egypt: basic and kingdoms • IDs: • Irrigation Ziggurat • Human mortality Cunieform • “tribute” Sumerian culture • Hammurabi Hittites • Maat Memphis • Pyramids Middle Kingdom • Thebes foundations • Hyksos New Kingdom • • “Civilization” and the Urban Revolution: 4 basic components Political - irrigation→ organization Religious - ancestor worship→ elemental gods Economic/social - surplus - specialization Cultural - pictographs • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political: Need for cooperation on irrigation • The Fertile Crescent • Mesopotamian irrigation (ca. 4000 BC) • Sumerian Palace (ca. 1792 BC) • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Elemental gods • Elemental abstraction: Fertility goddesses • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Elemental - sun, wind, rain, etc. Ziggurat and resources • Examples of Ziggurats • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Supernatural Ziggurat and resources Land ownership Polytheistic Worship Human mortality • Gilgamesh Epic poem of Mesopotamia (Excerpts available on MyFranciscan website) Quest for immortality • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious Economic/social: Mostly agricultural Specialization and surplus Technology- plows, wheels, etc. Trade routes Inventories and writing - cunieform- “wedge-writing” • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious Economic/social Cultural: Writing - symbolism • Pictograms- Cuneiform • Babylonian numbers • City of Uruk • Sumerian Empires • Consolidation and religion: Sumerian gods • Consolidation and laws: Hammurabi’s Code • Spread of the Hittites- c. 1600 BC • II) Early Egypt • Egyptian Civilization C. 4000 BC Gradual flooding- milder Politics- Pharoah Religion- Maat: - security and balance Economy- trade Culture- Hieroglyphics • Hieroglyphics • Old Kingdom Starts c.2800 BC Pharoah in charge - “gatekeeper” Servants Pyramids • Zoser’s Pyramid • The Pyramids at Giza (c. 2575 BC) • Great Pyramid of Khufu (interior) • Boat from Khufu’s tomb • Egyptian View of the Afterlife (for commoners) during the Old Kingdom “How said the descent in the Land of Silence. The wakeful sleeps, he who did not slumber at night lies still forever. The scorners say: The dwelling-place of the inhabitants of the West is deep and dark. It has no door, no window, no light to illuminate it, no north wind to refresh the heart. The sun does not rise here, but they lie every day in darkness. . . . The guardian has been taken away to the land of Infinity. “Those who are in the West are cut off, and their existence is misery, one is loathe to go to join them. One cannot recount one’s experiences but one rests in one place of eternity in darkness.” • Old Kingdom Starts c.2800 BC Pharoah in charge - “gatekeeper” Servants Pyramids Ends c. 2200 BC • Middle Kingdom: “Intermediate Period” Middle Kingdom C. 2050- 1700 BC Limits on the pharoah Bureaucracy Ethics Religious foundations Hyksos invasion c.1720 BC • The Hyksos Empire • New Kingdom (1550-1200 BC) Expulsion of Hyksos Egyptian imperialism • Egyptian Empire during the New Kingdom • New Kingdom (1550-1200 BC) Expulsion of Hyksos Egyptian imperialism Attempt to restore absolute rule (Amenhotep IV) - Tutankamon General Crisis of the Ancient World (c. 1300 BC) Lecture 4- The Early Hebrews I) Origins and Evidence II) Exodus III) Invasions and Exile IDs: Scriptural history Oral tradition textual criticism Monolatry and monotheism Abraham Ishmael sacrifice Decalogue Reconquest Judges Debate on kings Prophets David and Solomon Kingdom of Israel Merneptah Stele Using the Bible as History Advantages: Detailed Comprehensive Qualifications: Time of writing Symbolic language Composite work Documentary hypothesis “Wellhausen hypothesis”- 1876 Passages written at different times and with different agendas Four different contributing traditions: J, or Jahwist E, or Elohist P, or Priestly D, or Deuteronomist Distinguished through names for God (Yahweh, Elohim, etc.) Also style, themes, criticisms, subjects Catholic teaching on documentary hypothesis "[T]extual criticism ... [is] quite rightly employed in the case of the Sacred Books ... Let the interpreter then, with all care and without neglecting any light derived from recent research, endeavor to determine the peculiar character and circumstances of the sacred writer, the age in which he lived, the sources written or oral to which he had recourse and the forms of expression he employed." - Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu, 1943. Hebrew Origins Semitic tribes Abram Early Hebrew theology Monolatry Monotheism Hebrew Origins Semitic tribes Abram Migration- Hebron Mesopotamian roots: Cities Events Early law Abraham and Sarah Abraham and Hagar Genesis 21:13 Ishmael “But the slave girl’s son I will also make into a nation, for he is your child too.” (Genesis 21:13) Abraham and Isaac Canaanite tradition - sacrifice of 1st-born son God’s instructions: New type of sacrifice Isaac, Abraham, and Jacob Travel with Hyksos? Third Egyptian Kingdom Enslavement Moses Exodus II) Exodus Moses and Yahweh’s Commandments The Decalogue and Distinction Divine nature New nature of Hebrew God “Compassionate and gracious, patient, ever constant and true. . . Forgiving wickedness, rebellion, and sin, and not sweeping the guilty clean away; but who punishes sons and grandsons to the third and fourth generation for their fathers’ iniquity.” - Exodus 34:6-7 Contrast with Mesopotamian gods? The Decalogue and Distinction Divine nature - covenant Absolute law (ethics) Social equality Special protection “Reconquest” of Canaan Religion and Violence "You shall destroy all the peoples ... showing them no pity." (7: 16) "... All the people present there shall serve you as forced labour." (20:12) "... You shall put all its males to the sword. You may, however, take as your booty the women, the children, the livestock, and everything in the town -- all its spoil -- and enjoy the use of the spoil of your enemy which the LORD your God gives you." (20:14-15) The Book of Deuteronomy “And everyone who would not seek the Lord, the God of Israel, was to be put to death, whether small or great, whether man or woman.” 2 Chronicles 12-13 “Reconquest” of Canaan “Shrine” of the Ark of Covenant “Reconquest” of Canaan