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Download Civ IN- PowerPoint text from Lecture 2 Lecture 2A: Mesopotamia
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Civ IN- PowerPoint text from Lecture 2 • Lecture 2A: Mesopotamia I) Mesopotamian Cities II) Sumerian Empires IDs: Fertile Crescent surplus Ziggurat Polytheism Inventories Cunieform Sumerian empires Tribute Pantheon • Hammurabi “Civilization” and the Urban Revolution: 4 basic components Political - irrigation→ organization Religious - ancestor worship→ elemental gods Economic/social - surplus - specialization Cultural - pictographs • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political: Need for cooperation on irrigation • Mesopotamian irrigation (ca. 4000 BC) • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political: Need for cooperation on irrigation Rulers and supernatural favor • Sumerian Palace (ca. 1792 BC) • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Elemental - sun, wind, rain, etc. • Elemental abstraction: Fertility goddesses • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Elemental Unpredictable Ziggurat and resources • Ziggurats • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Supernatural Ziggurat and resources Land ownership Polytheistic Worship- ritual Human mortality • Gilgamesh Epic poem of Mesopotamia (Excerpts available on LMS) Quest for immortality • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious Economic/social: Mostly agricultural Specialization and surplus Trade Inventories • Cuneiform (“wedge-writing”) tablet • Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious Economic/social Cultural: Writing - symbolism • Pictograms- Cuneiform • Babylonian numbers • II) Sumerian Empires • Uruk • Sumerian Empires • Sumerian pantheon • Hammurabi’s Code Collection of laws Wide-ranging Social inequalities Protected defenseless Longterm influence • Spread of the Hittites- c. 1600 BC • Lecture 2B- Ancient Egypt I) Origins and Tone II) Three Kingdoms IDs: Egyptian climate natural protection maat Pharoah Pyramids intermediate periods Foundations ethics Hyksos Egyptian empire General Crisis of the Ancient World • Egyptian Civilization C. 4000 BC Milder climate Geographic protection Politics- Nile flooding Religion- Pharoah - Maat Economy- trade Culture- Hieroglyphics • Egyptian trade routes • Hieroglyphics • II) Three Kingdoms • Old Kingdom C. 2800-2200 BC Pharoah in charge - “gatekeeper” Servants Pyramids • Zoser’s Pyramid (c. 2700 BC) • The Pyramids at Giza (by Khufu, c. 2560 BC) • Great Pyramid of Khufu (interior) • Boat from Khufu’s tomb • Egyptian View of the Afterlife (for commoners) during the Old Kingdom “How sad the descent in the Land of Silence. The wakeful sleeps, he who did not slumber at night lies still forever. The scorners say: The dwelling-place of the inhabitants of the West is deep and dark. It has no door, no window, no light to illuminate it, no north wind to refresh the heart. The sun does not rise here, but they lie every day in darkness. . . . The guardian has been taken away to the land of Infinity. “Those who are in the West are cut off, and their existence is misery, one is loathe to go to join them. One cannot recount one’s experiences but one rests in one place of eternity in darkness.” • Old Kingdom Starts c.2800 BC Pharoah in charge - “gatekeeper” Servants Pyramids Ends c. 2200 BC • Middle Kingdom: “Intermediate Period” Middle Kingdom C. 2050- 1700 BC Limits on the pharoah Bureaucracy Ethics Religious foundations Hyksos invasion c.1720 BC • The Hyksos Empire • New Kingdom (1550-1200 BC) Expulsion of Hyksos Egyptian imperialism • Egyptian Empire during the New Kingdom • New Kingdom (1550-1200 BC) Expulsion of Hyksos Egyptian imperialism Attempt to restore absolute rule (Amenhotep IV) - Tutankamon General Crisis of the Ancient World (c. 1300 BC) • Lecture 2C: The Ancient Hebrews I) Origins II) Exodus IDs: Scriptural history documentary hypothesis Monolatry monotheism Abraham Ishmael Isaac Sacrifice Decalogue Covenant Judges kings • Merneptah Stele • Using the Bible as History Advantages: Detailed Comprehensive Qualifications: Symbolic language (?) Time of writing Composite work • Documentary hypothesis “Wellhausen hypothesis”- 1876 Passages written at different times and with different agendas Four different contributing traditions: J, or Jahwist E, or Elohist P, or Priestly D, or Deuteronomist Distinguished through names for God (Yahweh, Elohim, etc.), as well as different styles, themes, criticisms, subjects Recent challenges, but general agreement on composite authorship • Catholic teaching on documentary hypothesis "[T]extual criticism ... [is] quite rightly employed in the case of the Sacred Books ... Let the interpreter then, with all care and without neglecting any light derived from recent research, endeavor to determine the peculiar character and circumstances of the sacred writer, the age in which he lived, the sources written or oral to which he had recourse and the forms of expression he employed." - Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu, 1943. • Hebrew Origins Semitic tribes Mesopotamian roots: Cities Events Early law Abram • Early Hebrew theology Monolatry Monotheism
