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What is Ecology? 1. Definition: 2. It ________________ how living organism affect each other and the world they live in. 3. ____________________ is the place a plant or animal lives in. 4. ____________________ is an organism’s total way of life (its job) 5. ____________________ factors are the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. 6. 4 Examples of abiotic factors are: 7. _____________________ factors are all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. 8. Some things that organism’s rely on each other are _________________, ______________________, __________________ or _________________ 9. What are the levels of simple organization from simplest to most complex? 10. _________________________ have organized the interactions an organism takes part in to different levels according to ________________ 11. Level 1 Organism: 12. Level 2 Population: 13. Level 3 Biological Community: 14. Level 4 Ecosystem: 15. Level 5 Biosphere: 16. Where can you find life? Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Study Guide 1. Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the ______________. 2. Energy flows through ecosystems from ______________ to ____________________. 3. Producers ____________ ________________. 4. Consumers __________________________________________________________. 5. _______________ is the main source of energy for most life on _____________. 6. _______________ contain _____________ & can use energy directly from the sun. 7. An Autotroph is ______________________________________________________. 8. ______________ are also called Producers 9. ____________, _____________, some ______________, & some _____________ are examples. 10. A _____________ is an organism’s role in its environment. 11. Your niche is __________________________________________________________________. 12. A producers niche is ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________. 13. Producers may be _______________________________ using light energy (e.g. ___________). 14. Producers may be ____________________________ using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobacteria) 15. An _______________________ is a producer that captures energy from the sun by _______________________. 16. Name 2 ways they help the earth: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 17. Describe 3 habitats of photoautotrops and give an example of an organism in each habitat. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 18. ____________________ capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as _________________ __________________. 19. The process is called ______________________________ and occurs in deep sea vents or gut of animals. 20. ___________________ are also called heterotrophs. 21. _______________ eat other organisms to obtain energy. (e.g. ___________) 22. _________________________ eat only plants. 23. _________________________ eat only other animals. 24. _________________________ (Humans) eat plant and animals. 25. ______________ (Scavengers) feed on dead plant & animal remains (______) 26. _________________________ break down wastes and recycle nutrients back into the earth. 27. Fungi & Bacteria are examples of ____________________________. 28. Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain ________________. 29. Energy flows through an ecosystem in ___ direction from ___________________ to various levels of ______________________. 30. A ____________ _______________ is a simple energy path through an ecosystem. 31. A ____________ ________ is a more realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food ______________________. 32. Draw a simple marine food chain: 33. Name the producers, consumers, decomposers, herbivores, carnivores in this food chain. a. producersb. consumersc. decomposersd. herbivorese. carnivores- 34. Each level is a food chain or food web is a __________________________. 35. __________________ are always on the first trophic level. 36. Energy enters the system through the ___________________________. 37. __________________ are always on the second trophic level. 38. _______________________________________________ make up the remaining levels. 39. Each level depends on the one below it for ___________________. 40. As you travel up the energy pyramid energy is ________, mostly as ______. 41. Approximately ____________ of level’s energy is lost. Biomes 1. What is biogeography? ______________________________________________________________ 2. What is continental drift? _____________________________________________________________ 3. What is a native species? ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is an exotic species? ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. What 2 things does our climate depend on? __________________________ and _________________ 6. What is climate? ____________________________________________________________________ 7. What is a biome? ___________________________________________________________________ 8. Where are the rainforests found? _______________________________________________________ 9. What is an epiphyte? ________________________________________________________________ 10. Diversity _________________________________________________________________________ 11. Deciduous ________________________________________________________________________ 12. Coniferous ________________________________________________________________________ 13. Nocturnal _________________________________________________________________________ 14. Diurnal _________________________________________________________________________ 15. Deserts are _____ during the day and _______ at night. 16. ____________________________ do not get enough rainfall to support trees. 17. ____________________ are grasslands that do get enough rain to support some trees. 18. Permafrost _______________________________________________________ 19. The _____________ gets the same amount of precipitation as a desert, but it is mostly snow. 20. Precipitation ____________________________________________________ 21. Algae ________________________________________________________________ 22. Brackish ______________________________________________________________ 23. Estuary _______________________________________________________________ 24. Intertidal Zone ________________________________________________________ 25. Primary succession ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 26. Pioneer species _________________________________________________________ 27. Secondary succession ____________________________________________________ 28. Keystone species ___________________________________________________ 29. Extinct _______________________________________________________________ 30. Endangered ____________________________________________________________ 31. Threatened species _____________________________________________________ 32. Name 4 things that can cause extinction a. __________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________ c. __________________________________________________ d. __________________________________________________ 33. What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource and give 2 examples of each? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 34. Biodiversity ____________________________________________________________ 35. What are some factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ Biome Name Use the Internet to complete this chart: Temperatures Precipitation 5 Organisms Write the name of the biome that best matches each statement _____________________ 1. The biome also known as the “Bread Basket” _____________________ 2. The biome that receives the most snow _____________________ 3. The biome that has one season – summer all year round _____________________ 4. _____________________ 5. The biome also known as the “Cold Desert” The biome that receives the greatest amount of sunshine & rainfall _____________________ 6. The biome in which we live _____________________ 7. The biome with the shortest growing season The biome where cereal grains are grown (corn, wheat, etc) The biome where the majority of trees lose their leaves seasonally _____________________ 8. _____________________ 9. _____________________ 10. The biome located near the equator _____________________ 11. The biome with soil that is almost all sand _____________________ 12. The biome also known as the “Coniferous Forest” _____________________ 13. Lichens and mosses are the dominant plants This biome has very rich soil due to millions of _____________________ 14. decomposing leaves Major animal adaptations include molars for grinding plant _____________________ 15. material The soil is called “Permafrost” – the ground is permanently _____________________ 16. frozen Many animals in this biome are nocturnal due to high _____________________ 17. daytime temps The soil is very poor due to leeching – washing away of _____________________ 18. materials Few trees grow here due to a short growing season and _____________________ 19. cold temps _____________________ 20. Pine, spruce, & fir are the major types of trees When you are done: Play this matching game for 10 bonus points. Just show me when you are done! LIMITING FACTORS OBJECTIVES: - to learn about various limiting factors that influence population dynamics - to investigate which factors affect yellow perch in Lake Winnipeg KEY TERMS: - natural disasters: disasters caused by nature - density: organisms per unit area - toxic: poisonous - tail races: area of water located behind a dam - aquatic: taking place in or on the water - penetrate: to enter or force a way into - depletion: the use or consumption of a resource - turbid: degree of cloudiness of water - tributaries: a stream that flows into a larger stream or other body of water - invasive: moves in without right or permission, intrusive TASKS: Read the notes on limiting factors. Then, using the knowledge you have gained, read the next set of notes to find all of the limiting factors that affect yellow perch in Lake Winnipeg. Using the work sheet provided on page 4, try to identify as many limiting factors as possible and classify them as density independent or density dependent factors. Then answer the questions on pages 4 and 5. NOTES: LIMITING FACTORS All living things need food, water, shelter and space to survive. As long as organisms have all of these things available to them their population will continue to grow. However, populations cannot grow forever. Some form of environmental resistance will stop the population’s growth. The form of environmental resistance is called a limiting factor since it limits the population. However, limiting factors may also increase a population. We will look at many different limiting factors and classify them into density independent factors and density dependent factors. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS Density independent factors can affect a population no matter what it’s density is. For example: natural disasters, temperature, sunlight, human activities, physical characteristics and behaviors of organisms affect any and all populations regardless of their densities. Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hurricanes and fires can be devastating to aquatic life. For example, a severe drought could lower the water levels of Lake Winnipeg and decrease its carrying capacity. Thus, the fish population would decrease. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Temperature influences the activity and growth of organisms. Temperature also determines which type of organisms can live in a lake. Usually, the higher the water temperature, the greater the activity in a lake. However, all aquatic species have a preferred temperature range. If temperatures vary too much out of this range the species will either die or move to a different location. Temperature also influences the chemical properties of water. The rate of chemical reactions in the water increases as temperature increases. For example, warm water holds less oxygen than cool water, so even though there is more activity in warm water there may not be enough oxygen for the activity to continue for long periods of time. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Sunlight can only penetrate to a depth of 30 meters in water. Thus most phosotsynthesis in aquatic environments occurs near the surface. This means that most plants cannot grow if they are at the bottom of a deep lake. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Human activities can also affect population dynamics. For instance, lake sturgeon spawn in fast water and sometimes use the “tailraces” of hydroelectric dams. However, the water level in this location often drops suddenly and the eggs die because they become exposed. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Physical characteristics of organisms can affect their population. Many organisms have adapted and evolved in order to increase their chance of survival. For example, some species of fish have colored markings to warn predators that they may be toxic. Or, some species use camouflage colors to help them hide and avoid being eaten. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Behaviors of organisms can also affect their population. For example, some species migrate to find new food sources or to mate. Some organisms create societies or feeding territories. For instance, white bass live in schools and work together to drive emerald shiners to the surface for feeding. Some species may have mating or courtship behaviors that affect their population. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS Density dependent factors can only affect a population when it reaches a certain density. For example, competition, predation, disease, parasitism, crowding, and stress are all factors that only affect populations with high densities. Competition can occur between many organisms that live in the same habitat. Resources are limited in a habitat so organisms must compete for food, water, space, and shelter. For example, both northern pike and walleye prey on yellow perch and so they compete for the same food source. However, this competition is only apparent when the populations of northern pike and walleye have high densities OR the population of yellow perch has a low density. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Predation occurs when the population density of predators is high. The predators will consume their prey and increase their own population. However, the population of the prey will decrease. On the other hand, the lack of predation (when the population density of predators is low) will cause problems for the prey’s population. When there are few predators, the prey’s population increases very quickly and this can lead to the depletion of resources and increase disease. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Disease in a population increases with the density of that population. High densities makes it easier for parasites to find hosts and spread the disease. Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism (called a host) to get nourishment. While the parasite benefits from this relationship the host is harmed or killed. Crowding only occurs at high densities. Over-crowding can cause depletion of resources, disease and stress. Stress usually has a negative effect on populations. Stress can make organisms weak and more prone to disease. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ YELLOW PERCH IN LAKE WINNIPEG Located 217 m above sea level, Lake Winnipeg is a shallow lake composed of two basins: a wide north basin and a narrow south basin. On average, Lake Winnipeg is only 12 meters deep and receives 517 mm of precipitation annually. Lake Winnipeg provides a habitat for over 50 different species of fish including yellow perch, chestnut lampreys and rainbow smelt. Yellow perch prefer water that has little current. They can tolerate moderate tubidity. Also, they prefer a temperature range of 18 to 20 degrees Celsius. If the temperature of the water varies too much above this range, yellow perch will either move to a new location or die. Yellow perch spawn in May or early June when water temperatures are above 6 degrees Celsius. First, they migrate to tributaries and then several males attend a female while she releases her eggs. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Yellow perch can grow to 302 mm in length. Their life span is approximately 9 years. If there is a lack of resources or too many of them (over-population), yellow perch adapt by stunting. This means that instead of starving, they simply do not grow as large as normal. Thus, they are able to live off less food. Yellow perch feed in midwater or on the bottom of Lake Winnipeg. They eat a wide variety of invertebrates, and fish such as emerald shiners. The eyes of yellow perch allow them to see almost 360 degrees around them. Thus, they are better able to spot their prey and evade predators. In Lake Winnipeg, yellow perch are eaten by northern pike and walleye. They are also caught for food by commercial fishers and anglers. Chestnut lampreys are also found in Lake Winnipeg. Lampreys are parasitic fish that attach to other species of fish (such as yellow perch) to feed on their blood and tissues. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Recently, rainbow smelt have been introduced into Lake Winnipeg. Rainbow smelt are a very invasive and competitive species. They have been thought to have caused a decrease in the emerald shiner population. Lake Winnipeg provides a home for many species of fish. However, a severe drought could disrupt this ecosystem greatly. Lake Winnipeg’s water level would drop, the temperature could change and it could become more turbid. Thus, the carrying capacity of the lake would change. But, in its current condition, Lake Winnipeg is an excellent habitat for many species of fish. Jot Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ QUESTIONS: 1) Explain the difference between density independent and density dependent limiting factors. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2) From the previous article “Yellow Perch in Lake Winnipeg”, identify and describe as many limiting factors as possible and classify them as density independent or density dependent. Density Independent Limiting Factors: _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Density Dependent Limiting Factors: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3) Each of the statements below involves a situation that will affect the growth of a population. Classify each of the statements as DD (density dependent) or DI (density independent) and give a reason for your choice. a. Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive smelt survive; the perch do not. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b. A severe flood brings a lot of sediment and silt into Lake Winnipeg. The turbidity of the lake increases greatly. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ c. A drought decreases the water level in Lake Winnipeg. The carrying capacity of the lake decreases. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ d. Due to the introduction of rainbow smelt, Lake Winnipeg becomes crowded and some fish species do not survive. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ e. Since northern pike prey on yellow perch, an increase in the perch population causes an increase in the pike population. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ f. Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ g. Due to over-fishing, the number of walleye in Lake Winnipeg decreases. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ h. A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ i. Since lake sturgeon migrate long distances to spawn, many do not survive the trip. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Answer Key Name: ______________________________ Biome Unit Review Write the name of the biome that best matches each statement Grassland 1. The biome also known as the “Bread Basket” Taiga-Coniferous Forest 2. The biome that receives the most snow Rainforest 3. The biome that has one season – summer all year round Tundra 4. The biome also known as the “Cold Desert” Rainforest 5. The biome that receives the greatest amount of sunshine & rainfall Deciduous Forest 6. The biome in which we live Tundra 7. The biome with the shortest growing season Grasslands 8. The biome where cereal grains are grown (corn, wheat, etc) DF 9. The biome where the majority of trees lose their leaves seasonally Rainforest 10. The biome located near the equator Desert 11. The biome with soil that is almost all sand Taiga 12. The biome also known as the “Coniferous Forest” Tundra 13. Lichens and mosses are the dominant plants Grasslands 14. This biome has very rich soil due to millions of decomposing leaves Grasslands 15. Major animal adaptations include molars for grinding plant material Tundra 16. The soil is called “Permafrost” – the ground is permanently frozen Desert 17. Many animals in this biome are nocturnal due to high daytime temps Rainforest 18. The soil is very poor due to leeching – washing away of materials Tundra 19. Few trees grow here due to a short growing season and cold temps Taiga-CF 20. Pine, spruce, & fir are the major types of trees 21. What is biogeography? Study of life on the Earth bio=life geo=study of earth 22. What is continental drift? Movement of the continents 23. What is a native species? Species that has evolved in an area 24. What is an exotic species? Species that has been taken to the area, not native. 25. What 2 things does our climate depend on? temperature and precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail) 26. What is climate? Weather over a long period of time 27. What is a biome? Group of ecosystems with similar climates 28. Where are the rainforests found? Along the equator 29. What is an epiphyte? Organism that grows upon a living plant. 30. Diversity Many different types of plants and animals 31. Deciduous – the trees lose their leaves in winter and grow new ones in spring 32. Coniferous – trees that make cones, they are evergreen, AKA Gymnosperms, have “naked seeds” (no fruit). 33. Nocturnal – active at night, sleep in daytime to escape high temperatures in the desert 34. Diurnal – opposite of nocturnal; up during day and asleep at night 35. Deserts are hot during the day and cold at night. 36. Grasslands do not get enough rainfall to support trees. 37. Savannah are grasslands that do get enough rain to support some trees. 38. Permafrost – permanent layer of frost, ground is always frozen. (Tundra) 39. The Tundra gets the same amount of precipitation as a desert, but it is mostly snow. 40. Precipitation – gas turns into a liquid and falls to earth as rain, snow, sleet, etc. 41. Algae – most abundant plant in water; algae in the ocean surface makes most of our oxygen we breathe. 42. Brackish – mixture of fresh and salt water, muddy with suspended sediments. 43. Estuary – where river meets the ocean 44. Intertidal Zone – area between high and low tide 45. Primary succession - a series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem has ever been. 46. Pioneer species – the first species to populate and area in primary succession 47. Secondary succession - when there are a series of changes after a natural disturbance (hurricane, fire, abandoned farmland, etc.) It only can occur in a place where an ecosystem has already existed. 48. Keystone species - species that influences the survival of many other species. 49. Extinct – all members of the species have died 50. Endangered – organism in danger of becoming extinct 51. Threatened species – organism in danger of becoming endangered. 52. Name 4 things that can cause extinction a. Habitat destruction b. Poaching c. Pollution d. Introduction of exotic species 53. What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource and give 2 examples of each? Renewable: natural resources that can be replaced in a relatively short amount of time (sun, wind, rain …) Nonrenewable Resources - those that either take a very long time to replace or cannot be replaced at all (coal and oil) 54. Biodiversity - the variety of organisms found in an area. 55. What are some factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? area, climate and diversity of niches QUESTIONS: 1) Explain the difference between density independent and density dependent limiting factors. (2 marks) Density independent factors are limiting factors that affect all populations regardless of their densities whereas density dependent factors only affect populations when they reach a specific density. 2) From the previous article “Yellow Perch in Lake Winnipeg”, identify and describe as many limiting factors as possible and classify them as density independent or density dependent. (10 marks) - depth of Lake Winnipeg (affects amount of sunlight in water, and space available in lake) - temperature of water (affects which fish will live in the lake) - turbidity of water (affects which fish will live in the lake) - migration of yellow perch (depends on which fish are strong enough to travel) - eyes (helps yellow perch to hide from predators and hunt for prey) - drought (natural disasters affect water temperature, levels and turbidity) - stunting (due to lack of food or over-abundant population of yellow perch, they will stunt their growth instead of dying) - predation (yellow perch are eaten by northern pike and walleye) - parasitism (chestnut lampreys attach to yellow perch and feed of body fluids) - competition (rainbow smelt compete for space and food) - crowding (rainbow smelt crowd yellow perch) Density Independent Limiting Factors: Density Dependent Limiting Factors: 6 of 7 3) Each of the statements below involves a situation that will affect the growth of a population. Classify each of the statements as DD (density dependent) or DI (density independent) and give a reason for your choice. (18 marks - 2 each) a. Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive smelt survive; the perch do not. DD - competition between species only occurs at certain densities b. A severe flood brings a lot of sediment and silt into Lake Winnipeg. The turbidity of the lake increases greatly. DI - natural disasters affect all populations regardless of density c. A drought decreases the water level in Lake Winnipeg. The carrying capacity of the lake decreases. DI - natural disasters affect all populations regardless of density d. Due to the introduction of rainbow smelt, Lake Winnipeg becomes crowded and some fish species do not survive. DD - crowding only occurs at certain densities e. Since northern pike prey on yellow perch, an increase in the perch population causes an increase in the pike population. DD - predation only occurs at certain densities f. Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature. DI - temperature affects all population densities g. Due to over-fishing, the number of walleye in Lake Winnipeg decreases. DI - human activities affect all population densities h. A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly. DD - parasitism only affects certain population densities i. Since lake sturgeon migrate long distances to spawn, many do not survive the trip. DI - behaviours of organisms affect all population densities 7 of 7