Download what is ecology pptQ`s

What is Ecology?
1. Definition:
2.
It ________________ how living organism affect each other and the world they live
in.
3.
____________________ is the place a plant or animal lives in.
4.
____________________ is an organism’s total way of life (its job)
5.
____________________ factors are the nonliving parts of an organism’s
environment.
6.
4 Examples of abiotic factors are:
7.
_____________________ factors are all the living organisms that inhabit an
environment.
8.
Some things that organism’s rely on each other are _________________,
______________________, __________________ or _________________
9.
What are the levels of simple organization from simplest to most complex?
10.
_________________________ have organized the interactions an organism takes
part in to different levels according to ________________
11.
Level 1 Organism:
12.
Level 2 Population:
13.
Level 3 Biological Community:
14.
Level 4 Ecosystem:
15.
Level 5 Biosphere:
16.
Where can you find life?
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Study Guide
1. Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the ______________.
2. Energy flows through ecosystems from ______________ to
____________________.
3. Producers ____________ ________________.
4. Consumers __________________________________________________________.
5. _______________ is the main source of energy for most life on _____________.
6. _______________ contain _____________ & can use energy directly from the sun.
7. An Autotroph is ______________________________________________________.
8. ______________ are also called Producers
9. ____________, _____________, some ______________, & some _____________
are examples.
10.
A _____________ is an organism’s role in its environment.
11.
Your niche is
__________________________________________________________________.
12.
A producers niche is
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.
13.
Producers may be _______________________________ using light energy
(e.g. ___________).
14.
Producers may be ____________________________ using chemical energy
(e.g. cyanobacteria)
15.
An _______________________ is a producer that captures energy from the
sun by _______________________.
16.
Name 2 ways they help the earth:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
17.
Describe 3 habitats of photoautotrops and give an example of an organism in
each habitat.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
18.
____________________ capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules
such as _________________ __________________.
19.
The process is called ______________________________ and occurs in deep
sea vents or gut of animals.
20.
___________________ are also called heterotrophs.
21.
_______________ eat other organisms to obtain energy. (e.g. ___________)
22.
_________________________ eat only plants.
23.
_________________________ eat only other animals.
24.
_________________________ (Humans) eat plant and animals.
25.
______________ (Scavengers) feed on dead plant & animal remains (______)
26.
_________________________ break down wastes and recycle nutrients back
into the earth.
27.
Fungi & Bacteria are examples of ____________________________.
28.
Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain ________________.
29.
Energy flows through an ecosystem in ___ direction from
___________________ to various levels of ______________________.
30.
A ____________ _______________ is a simple energy path through an
ecosystem.
31.
A ____________ ________ is a more realistic path through an ecosystem
made of many food ______________________.
32.
Draw a simple marine food chain:
33.
Name the producers, consumers, decomposers, herbivores, carnivores in this
food chain.
a. producersb. consumersc. decomposersd. herbivorese. carnivores-
34.
Each level is a food chain or food web is a __________________________.
35.
__________________ are always on the first trophic level.
36.
Energy enters the system through the ___________________________.
37.
__________________ are always on the second trophic level.
38.
_______________________________________________ make up the
remaining levels.
39.
Each level depends on the one below it for ___________________.
40.
As you travel up the energy pyramid energy is ________, mostly as ______.
41.
Approximately ____________ of level’s energy is lost.
Biomes
1. What is biogeography?
______________________________________________________________
2. What is continental drift?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What is a native species?
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What is an exotic species?
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What 2 things does our climate depend on? __________________________ and
_________________
6. What is climate?
____________________________________________________________________
7. What is a biome?
___________________________________________________________________
8. Where are the rainforests found?
_______________________________________________________
9. What is an epiphyte?
________________________________________________________________
10. Diversity
_________________________________________________________________________
11. Deciduous
________________________________________________________________________
12. Coniferous
________________________________________________________________________
13. Nocturnal
_________________________________________________________________________
14. Diurnal
_________________________________________________________________________
15. Deserts are _____ during the day and _______ at night.
16. ____________________________ do not get enough rainfall to support trees.
17. ____________________ are grasslands that do get enough rain to support some trees.
18. Permafrost _______________________________________________________
19. The _____________ gets the same amount of precipitation as a desert, but it is
mostly snow.
20. Precipitation ____________________________________________________
21. Algae ________________________________________________________________
22. Brackish ______________________________________________________________
23. Estuary _______________________________________________________________
24. Intertidal Zone ________________________________________________________
25. Primary succession
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
26. Pioneer species _________________________________________________________
27. Secondary succession ____________________________________________________
28. Keystone species ___________________________________________________
29. Extinct _______________________________________________________________
30. Endangered ____________________________________________________________
31. Threatened species _____________________________________________________
32. Name 4 things that can cause extinction
a. __________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________
33. What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource and give 2
examples of each?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
34. Biodiversity ____________________________________________________________
35. What are some factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Biome Name
Use the Internet to complete this chart:
Temperatures
Precipitation
5 Organisms
Write the name of the biome that best matches each statement
_____________________ 1.
The biome also known as the “Bread Basket”
_____________________ 2.
The biome that receives the most snow
_____________________ 3.
The biome that has one season – summer all year round
_____________________ 4.
_____________________ 5.
The biome also known as the “Cold Desert”
The biome that receives the greatest amount of sunshine
& rainfall
_____________________ 6.
The biome in which we live
_____________________ 7.
The biome with the shortest growing season
The biome where cereal grains are grown (corn, wheat,
etc)
The biome where the majority of trees lose their leaves
seasonally
_____________________ 8.
_____________________ 9.
_____________________ 10. The biome located near the equator
_____________________ 11. The biome with soil that is almost all sand
_____________________ 12. The biome also known as the “Coniferous Forest”
_____________________ 13. Lichens and mosses are the dominant plants
This biome has very rich soil due to millions of
_____________________ 14. decomposing leaves
Major animal adaptations include molars for grinding plant
_____________________ 15. material
The soil is called “Permafrost” – the ground is permanently
_____________________ 16. frozen
Many animals in this biome are nocturnal due to high
_____________________ 17. daytime temps
The soil is very poor due to leeching – washing away of
_____________________ 18. materials
Few trees grow here due to a short growing season and
_____________________ 19. cold temps
_____________________ 20. Pine, spruce, & fir are the major types of trees
When you are done: Play this matching game for 10 bonus points. Just show me when you are
done!
LIMITING FACTORS
OBJECTIVES:
- to learn about various limiting factors that influence population dynamics
- to investigate which factors affect yellow perch in Lake Winnipeg
KEY TERMS:
- natural disasters: disasters caused by nature
- density: organisms per unit area
- toxic: poisonous
- tail races: area of water located behind a dam
- aquatic: taking place in or on the water
- penetrate: to enter or force a way into
- depletion: the use or consumption of a resource
- turbid: degree of cloudiness of water
- tributaries: a stream that flows into a larger stream or other body of water
- invasive: moves in without right or permission, intrusive
TASKS:
Read the notes on limiting factors. Then, using the knowledge you have gained, read the
next set of notes to find all of the limiting factors that affect yellow perch in Lake Winnipeg.
Using the work sheet provided on page 4, try to identify as many limiting factors as possible
and classify them as density independent or density dependent factors. Then answer the
questions on pages 4 and 5.
NOTES:
LIMITING FACTORS
All living things need food, water, shelter and space to survive. As long as organisms have all of these
things available to them their population will continue to grow. However, populations cannot grow
forever. Some form of environmental resistance will stop the population’s growth. The form of
environmental resistance is called a limiting factor since it limits the population. However, limiting
factors may also increase a population. We will look at many different limiting factors and classify them
into density independent factors and density dependent factors.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS
Density independent factors can affect a population no matter what it’s density is. For example:
natural disasters, temperature, sunlight, human activities, physical characteristics and behaviors of
organisms affect any and all populations regardless of their densities. Natural disasters such as
droughts, floods, hurricanes and fires can be devastating to aquatic life. For example, a severe drought
could lower the water levels of Lake Winnipeg and decrease its carrying capacity. Thus, the fish
population would decrease.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Temperature influences the activity and growth of organisms. Temperature also determines
which type of organisms can live in a lake. Usually, the higher the water temperature, the greater the
activity in a lake. However, all aquatic species have a preferred temperature range. If temperatures
vary too much out of this range the species will either die or move to a different location. Temperature
also influences the chemical properties of water. The rate of chemical reactions
in the water increases as temperature increases. For example, warm water holds less oxygen
than cool water, so even though there is more activity in warm water there may not be enough
oxygen for the activity to continue for long periods of time.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Sunlight can only penetrate to a depth of 30 meters in water. Thus most phosotsynthesis in
aquatic environments occurs near the surface. This means that most plants cannot grow if they
are at the bottom of a deep lake.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Human activities can also affect population dynamics. For instance, lake sturgeon spawn in
fast water and sometimes use the “tailraces” of hydroelectric dams. However, the water level in this
location often drops suddenly and the eggs die because they become exposed.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Physical characteristics of organisms can affect their population. Many organisms have
adapted and evolved in order to increase their chance of survival. For example, some species
of fish have colored markings to warn predators that they may be toxic. Or, some species use
camouflage colors to help them hide and avoid being eaten.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors of organisms can also affect their population. For example, some species migrate to find new
food sources or to mate. Some organisms create societies or feeding territories. For instance, white
bass live in schools and work together to drive emerald shiners to the surface for feeding. Some
species may have mating or courtship behaviors that affect their population.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS
Density dependent factors can only affect a population when it reaches a certain density. For
example, competition, predation, disease, parasitism, crowding, and stress are all factors that
only affect populations with high densities.
Competition can occur between many organisms that live in the same habitat. Resources
are limited in a habitat so organisms must compete for food, water, space, and shelter. For
example, both northern pike and walleye prey on yellow perch and so they compete for the same
food source. However, this competition is only apparent when the populations of northern pike
and walleye have high densities OR the population of yellow perch has a low density.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Predation occurs when the population density of predators is high. The predators will
consume their prey and increase their own population. However, the population of the prey will
decrease. On the other hand, the lack of predation (when the population density of predators is
low) will cause problems for the prey’s population. When there are few predators, the prey’s
population increases very quickly and this can lead to the depletion of resources and increase
disease.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Disease in a population increases with the density of that population. High densities makes it
easier for parasites to find hosts and spread the disease.
Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. A
parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism (called a host) to get nourishment.
While the parasite benefits from this relationship the host is harmed or killed.
Crowding only occurs at high densities. Over-crowding can cause depletion of resources,
disease and stress.
Stress usually has a negative effect on populations. Stress can make organisms weak and
more prone to disease.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
YELLOW PERCH IN LAKE WINNIPEG
Located 217 m above sea level, Lake Winnipeg is a shallow lake composed of two basins: a wide north
basin and a narrow south basin. On average, Lake Winnipeg is only 12 meters deep and receives 517
mm of precipitation annually. Lake Winnipeg provides a habitat for over 50 different species of fish
including yellow perch, chestnut lampreys and rainbow smelt. Yellow perch prefer water that has little
current. They can tolerate moderate tubidity. Also, they prefer a temperature range of 18 to 20 degrees
Celsius. If the temperature of the water varies too much above this range, yellow perch will either move
to a new location or die. Yellow perch spawn in May or early June when water temperatures are above
6 degrees Celsius. First, they migrate to tributaries and then several males attend a female while she
releases her eggs.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Yellow perch can grow to 302 mm in length. Their life span is approximately 9 years. If there is a
lack of resources or too many of them (over-population), yellow perch adapt by stunting. This means
that instead of starving, they simply do not grow as large as normal. Thus, they are able to live off less
food.
Yellow perch feed in midwater or on the bottom of Lake Winnipeg. They eat a wide variety of
invertebrates, and fish such as emerald shiners. The eyes of yellow perch allow them to see almost 360
degrees around them. Thus, they are better able to spot their prey and evade predators.
In Lake Winnipeg, yellow perch are eaten by northern pike and walleye. They are also
caught for food by commercial fishers and anglers. Chestnut lampreys are also found in Lake
Winnipeg. Lampreys are parasitic fish that attach to other species of fish (such as yellow perch) to feed
on their blood and tissues.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Recently, rainbow smelt have been introduced into Lake Winnipeg. Rainbow smelt are a very
invasive and competitive species. They have been thought to have caused a decrease in the
emerald shiner population.
Lake Winnipeg provides a home for many species of fish. However, a severe drought
could disrupt this ecosystem greatly. Lake Winnipeg’s water level would drop, the temperature
could change and it could become more turbid. Thus, the carrying capacity of the lake would
change. But, in its current condition, Lake Winnipeg is an excellent habitat for many species of fish.
Jot Notes:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS:
1) Explain the difference between density independent and density dependent limiting factors.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2) From the previous article “Yellow Perch in Lake Winnipeg”, identify and describe as many
limiting factors as possible and classify them as density independent or density dependent.
Density Independent Limiting Factors: _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Density Dependent Limiting Factors: ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3) Each of the statements below involves a situation that will affect the growth of a population.
Classify each of the statements as DD (density dependent) or DI (density independent) and
give a reason for your choice.
a. Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive smelt
survive; the perch do not.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
b. A severe flood brings a lot of sediment and silt into Lake Winnipeg. The turbidity of the lake
increases greatly.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
c. A drought decreases the water level in Lake Winnipeg. The carrying capacity of the lake decreases.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
d. Due to the introduction of rainbow smelt, Lake Winnipeg becomes crowded and some fish species
do not survive.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
e. Since northern pike prey on yellow perch, an increase in the perch population causes an increase in
the pike population.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
f. Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
g. Due to over-fishing, the number of walleye in Lake Winnipeg decreases.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
h. A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
i. Since lake sturgeon migrate long distances to spawn, many do not survive the trip.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Answer Key
Name: ______________________________
Biome Unit Review
Write the name of the biome that best matches each statement
Grassland
1.
The biome also known as the “Bread Basket”
Taiga-Coniferous Forest
2.
The biome that receives the most snow
Rainforest
3.
The biome that has one season – summer all year round
Tundra
4.
The biome also known as the “Cold Desert”
Rainforest
5.
The biome that receives the greatest amount of sunshine & rainfall
Deciduous Forest
6.
The biome in which we live
Tundra
7.
The biome with the shortest growing season
Grasslands
8.
The biome where cereal grains are grown (corn, wheat, etc)
DF
9.
The biome where the majority of trees lose their leaves seasonally
Rainforest
10.
The biome located near the equator
Desert
11.
The biome with soil that is almost all sand
Taiga
12.
The biome also known as the “Coniferous Forest”
Tundra
13.
Lichens and mosses are the dominant plants
Grasslands
14.
This biome has very rich soil due to millions of decomposing leaves
Grasslands
15.
Major animal adaptations include molars for grinding plant material
Tundra
16.
The soil is called “Permafrost” – the ground is permanently frozen
Desert
17.
Many animals in this biome are nocturnal due to high daytime temps
Rainforest
18.
The soil is very poor due to leeching – washing away of materials
Tundra
19.
Few trees grow here due to a short growing season and cold temps
Taiga-CF
20.
Pine, spruce, & fir are the major types of trees
21. What is biogeography? Study of life on the Earth bio=life geo=study of earth
22. What is continental drift? Movement of the continents
23. What is a native species? Species that has evolved in an area
24. What is an exotic species? Species that has been taken to the area, not native.
25. What 2 things does our climate depend on? temperature and precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
26. What is climate? Weather over a long period of time
27. What is a biome? Group of ecosystems with similar climates
28. Where are the rainforests found? Along the equator
29. What is an epiphyte? Organism that grows upon a living plant.
30. Diversity Many different types of plants and animals
31. Deciduous – the trees lose their leaves in winter and grow new ones in spring
32. Coniferous – trees that make cones, they are evergreen, AKA Gymnosperms, have “naked seeds” (no fruit).
33. Nocturnal – active at night, sleep in daytime to escape high temperatures in the desert
34. Diurnal – opposite of nocturnal; up during day and asleep at night
35. Deserts are hot during the day and cold at night.
36. Grasslands do not get enough rainfall to support trees.
37. Savannah are grasslands that do get enough rain to support some trees.
38. Permafrost – permanent layer of frost, ground is always frozen. (Tundra)
39. The Tundra gets the same amount of precipitation as a desert, but it is mostly snow.
40. Precipitation – gas turns into a liquid and falls to earth as rain, snow, sleet, etc.
41. Algae – most abundant plant in water; algae in the ocean surface makes most of our oxygen we breathe.
42. Brackish – mixture of fresh and salt water, muddy with suspended sediments.
43. Estuary – where river meets the ocean
44. Intertidal Zone – area between high and low tide
45. Primary succession - a series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem has ever been.
46. Pioneer species – the first species to populate and area in primary succession
47. Secondary succession - when there are a series of changes after a natural disturbance (hurricane, fire,
abandoned farmland, etc.) It only can occur in a place where an ecosystem has already existed.
48. Keystone species - species that influences the survival of many other species.
49. Extinct – all members of the species have died
50. Endangered – organism in danger of becoming extinct
51. Threatened species – organism in danger of becoming endangered.
52. Name 4 things that can cause extinction
a. Habitat destruction
b. Poaching
c. Pollution
d. Introduction of exotic species
53. What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource and give 2 examples of each?
Renewable: natural resources that can be replaced in a relatively short amount of time (sun, wind, rain …)
Nonrenewable Resources - those that either take a very long time to replace or cannot be replaced at all (coal and
oil)
54. Biodiversity - the variety of organisms found in an area.
55. What are some factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? area, climate and diversity of niches
QUESTIONS:
1) Explain the difference between density independent and density dependent limiting factors.
(2 marks)
Density independent factors are limiting factors that affect all populations regardless of
their densities whereas density dependent factors only affect populations when they reach
a specific density.
2) From the previous article “Yellow Perch in Lake Winnipeg”, identify and describe as many
limiting factors as possible and classify them as density independent or density dependent.
(10 marks)
- depth of Lake Winnipeg (affects amount of sunlight in water, and space available in
lake)
- temperature of water (affects which fish will live in the lake)
- turbidity of water (affects which fish will live in the lake)
- migration of yellow perch (depends on which fish are strong enough to travel)
- eyes (helps yellow perch to hide from predators and hunt for prey)
- drought (natural disasters affect water temperature, levels and turbidity)
- stunting (due to lack of food or over-abundant population of yellow perch, they will
stunt their growth instead of dying)
- predation (yellow perch are eaten by northern pike and walleye)
- parasitism (chestnut lampreys attach to yellow perch and feed of body fluids)
- competition (rainbow smelt compete for space and food)
- crowding (rainbow smelt crowd yellow perch)
Density Independent Limiting Factors:
Density Dependent Limiting Factors:
6 of 7
3) Each of the statements below involves a situation that will affect the growth of a population.
Classify each of the statements as DD (density dependent) or DI (density independent) and
give a reason for your choice. (18 marks - 2 each)
a. Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive
smelt survive; the perch do not.
DD - competition between species only occurs at certain densities
b. A severe flood brings a lot of sediment and silt into Lake Winnipeg. The turbidity of the
lake increases greatly.
DI - natural disasters affect all populations regardless of density
c. A drought decreases the water level in Lake Winnipeg. The carrying capacity of the lake
decreases.
DI - natural disasters affect all populations regardless of density
d. Due to the introduction of rainbow smelt, Lake Winnipeg becomes crowded and some
fish species do not survive.
DD - crowding only occurs at certain densities
e. Since northern pike prey on yellow perch, an increase in the perch population causes an
increase in the pike population.
DD - predation only occurs at certain densities
f. Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature.
DI - temperature affects all population densities
g. Due to over-fishing, the number of walleye in Lake Winnipeg decreases.
DI - human activities affect all population densities
h. A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly.
DD - parasitism only affects certain population densities
i. Since lake sturgeon migrate long distances to spawn, many do not survive the trip.
DI - behaviours of organisms affect all population densities
7 of 7