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文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 本文档下载自文档下载网,内容可能不完整,您可以点击以下网址继续阅读或下载: http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 英语词汇学 lecture 1-7 英语词汇学,词根,词缀 Modern English Lexicology Lecture 1—Introduction Basic terms: language, linguistics and lexicology The origin and development of English language, linguistics and lexicology What is language? of information. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication. The scope/branches of linguistics ? Traditional classification: phonetics, grammar, lexicology. ? Now the field of linguistics has expanded: phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, lexicology, stylistics, 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ sociolinguistics, contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, … Lexicology: What is lexicology? Lexicology: lexic- (lexicon 词汇/ lexis 词) ology ? 词汇学是研究语言词汇的一门学 科。 (陆国强, 1999) ? 词汇学是一门有关词的科学。(汪榕培, 2008) ? Lexicology is the branch linguistichttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cas of that investigates, describes and theorizes about . (Words,Meaning and Vocabulary, 2000 )作为语言学的分支,词汇学对词汇进行调查研究、描述并予以理论 化。 ? 可以说,词汇学是一门研究词汇的学科,以一种语言中的词汇总体为研究对象,是语言分 析的一个层面,是 现代语言学的重要分支。与词汇学相关的学科包括语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义 学、词源学和词典学。按语言不同,词汇学还可以分为英语词汇学、汉语词汇学、俄语词汇 学、日语词汇学等。张华 (2008) ? Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. The domain of lexicology English lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical development, morphological structure,, semantic structures, sense relations, formation and application, usages, idioms and English dictionaries. (林承璋) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 英语词汇学主要内容有词的来源、词的意义、词的历史发展、词的形态结构、词的语义结构、 语义关系、构成方式、英语词汇的应用和用法、习语及词典知识。 ―词汇‖ 在英语里可以用 vocabulary、 lexis 和 lexicon 来表示 ,三个术语大致上是同义 的 , 但 是 ,vocabulary 比 较 口 语 化 、 lexihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cacon 比较学术化、 而 lexis 界乎两者之间。(汪榕培) The origin and development of the English language The origin of English ? 500 BC The Celts ? 55 BC Julius Caesar ----400 ? 449 invasion by Germanic tribes(日尔曼部落 ) –Their language—Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁—撒克逊语) The development of the English language ① Old English [Anglo-Saxon Period] (AD450-1150) ( 古 英 语 ) ②Middle English (AD1150-1500)(中古英语) ③Modern English (AD1500 to the present day)(现代英语) ---Early Modern English (1500-1800) ---Late Modern English (1800-Present) Influential factors/events 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 1.The earliest settlers in the British Isles: Celts / Kelts / 2. In 55 B.C., invasion by the Roman conqueror Julius Caesar. 3. 5th century, the Anglo-Saxon invasion and their settlement in Britain (also called Teutonic conquer) 4. From the end of the 8th century, the Scandinavian invasion 5. In 1066, the Norhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caman Conquest 6. The Renaissance 7. The discoveries of Columbus and the opening up of the New World 8. The Expansion of the British Empire 9. The World War Two Old English (Characteristics of Old English 1. Great change of the pronunciation of the words (especially the long vowels) 2. The vocabulary of the Old English consisted mainly of Anglo-Saxon words, 85% of which was no longer in use now. 3. Old English is characterized by the frequent use of compound. Some OE compounds involving alliteration, have survived in Modern English. e.g. 朋友或敌人;with might and main, a labor of love 4. Old English was a highly inflected language. (a complete system of endings) Factors influencing Old English (AD450-1150) 1. invasion of Britain (449) by Germanic tribes 2. Christianity 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ (In the 6th century, the Roman missionaries brought Christianity into England. Many Lathttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cain words associated with the church came into being. (eg. candle, amen, apostle, amen, priest, pope, abbot, shrine, 弟子/门徒, 殉道者,…) 3. Scandinavian invasion in the 9th century (Norwegian and Danish Vikings invaded England and then conquered it. Many Scandinavian words were brought into English.) ? 斯堪的纳维亚人讲的是北日耳曼语,是现在的瑞典语、芬兰语、挪威语和冰岛语的前身 ? 几 个代词(they, them, their, both, same)和连接词 though ? 基本词汇:anger, bull, cake, egg, husband, skin, skill, sky, kid, knife, awkward, flat, call, die, hit, raise… (英语中大多数带有 sk-或在 k 后有元音 e,i 的 词,就源自斯堪的纳维亚各族语言) ? Scandinavian invaders and Anglo-Saxons all belonged to the Germanic branches. Middle English (AD 1150-1500) The existence of three languages English:a despised language used by boors and serfs French:Those in power, including those who held political or social power and those in powerful Church positions. Latin:Those who want to make ahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca living as a scribe and those in churches Characteristics of Middle English Vocabulary is characterized by the strong and direct influence of ① English , the language began to borrow enormous words form other languages. (改变了运用复合法作 为创造新词的主要手段,而向外来语敞开大门。) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ② A lot of affixes are borrowed from French and Latin. ③English borrowed some new ways of word-forming from French. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary, about 9,000 French words were introduced into English, which covered every field of society, social class, law (judge, jury… ), government administration (government, state…), military (conquer, victory), food (beef, mutton, pork, diner…), science (medicine, remedy, surgeon ), religion (baptism, 忏悔…)and dress (coat, dress, robe,长袍). Factors influencing Middle English (AD 1150-1500) 1. Norman French://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1car In 1066, the Norman invaded England. Old English vocabulary began to undergo a great change. A great number of French words were introduced into English. (people in power spoke French; people in church spoke Latin; and native people spoke English) 2. British literature came out (Geoffrey Chaucer) Modern English (1500 to the present day) 1. Early Modern English (1500 – 1700) ? the chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the Latin and Greek classics was stressed. So the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. external) ? Latin: (conspicuous, emancipate, expectation, exist, ? Greek: (catastrophe, criterion) 2. Late Modern English (1700 up to the present, the Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the territorial expansion of the English Empire, the two world wars) ? Thihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cas period witnesses a rapid vocabulary expansion. ? French: ballet, champagne, cohesion, dentist… Characteristics of Modern English (1500 to ) 1. In Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. 2. The rapid expansion of English vocabulary ①Thousands of new words of different origins are added. ② Existing words acquired new meanings and old words died out. A lot of synonyms of Latin or Greek origin are added. ③Clipping and blending are used in word formation. ④ English is widely used in other countries. (American English) Words borrowed since 1500 are mostly of abstract and scientific character. Lecture 2 some fundamental concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ vocabulary, word, lexical item meaning, concept, referent 1. sound and meaning main types of word meaning vocabulary, classifications of words word, lexical item://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1car Vocabulary----the total number of the words in a language. 一个人的词汇量分四个层次,数量依次递增:汪榕培 ? speaking vocabulary ? writing vocabulary ? reading vocabulary ? guessing vocabulary Word: [Lu, p300] 1. A word is the smallest significant unit of speech. (Aristotle) (In contemporary linguistic theory it should be a morpheme) 2. A free form which is not a phrase, is a word. A word , then, is a free form which does not consist entirely of (two or more) lesser free forms; in brief, a word is a minimum free form.‖ ---Bloomfield Bloomfield‘s definition is viewed as one of the classical definitions of the word, by which Bloomfield means the word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own. e.g. book cannot be divided further. 3. A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sohttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caund and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. 1990, P2 ---Zhang Yun-fei, An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 4.词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用, 具有声音、意义和语法功能。?± --- 《辞海》上海辞书出版社 1984 (上)375 页 5. 词是代表一定意义、具有固定的语音形式、可以独立运用的最小结构单位 ---胡裕 树,《现代汉语》 6. From the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. (Lu,P301) lexical item (词项) ---- Lexical items are often referred to, loosely, as words. (John Lyons) A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. A complete inventory of the lexical items of a language constitutes that language‘s dictionary. [Lu, p302] 2. sound and meaning 1. the Naturalists ---- there [自然派] is an intrinsic correspondence bethttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caween sound and sense [音与义之间存在着一种内在对应关系] 2. the Conventionalists [习惯派] ---- there is no natural connection between sound and meaning (arbitrary, conventional) [音与义之间没有必然的联系] Opinion in Lu‘s book: p1 the naturalists vs. the conventionalists 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ (1). the same sense may have different sounds in different languages; e.g. meat (English) carne мяco viande (Italian); (French); k?tt (Russian) 肉 (Sweden); (Chinese) concept a concept is an abstraction from the things of the same kind, it refers to sth in general, but not sth in particular. (---- concept is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. ---- it is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, and language. ) What is the relathttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caionship between concept and meaning? 1) 2) Meaning is closely related to a concept. It is what the form of a word stands for. 3. Main types of word meaning grammatical meaning: e.g. the dog is chasing the cat, lexical meaning: is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. e.g. go, goes, gone, went, going 1. conceptual meaning(概念意义): ? ? ? denotative meaning(外延意义) Conceptual meaning refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary. ?the sun rises 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ in the east.‘ The symbol sun here means ?a heavenly body which gives off light, heat and energy‘, a concept which is unmistakable to anyone who speaks English. e.g. father, dad, daddy, papa, the old man, male parent It is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Conceptual meaning It forms the bashttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cais for communication. The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers in the same speech community.. 概念意义:词典对词下的定义。 学习语言的时候要首先掌握词的概念意义。 2. Connotative meaning 内涵意义 Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word meaning. It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. parent‘ ; Mother 概念意义:?female 内涵意义: frail, prone to tears, emotional, good at cooking, knitting, love, care, tenderness, forgiving etc. 3. stylistic meaning: is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Three kinds of words (common words, formal words, informal words) are used on different occasions. e.g. daddy 非 正 式 口 语 , 家 庭 内 容 , 儿 童 用 语 ; male parent 正 式 例 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 如 填 表 , 社 会 调 查 ; father 中性 domicile, residence,abode and home 从非常正式到比较正式, abode 诗 词中,home 日常用词 4. affective meaning 情感意义 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ expresses the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question. appreciative(褒义的) vs. pejorative(贬义的) slim 苗条的 vs skinny 皮包骨的; pigheaded 顽固的 –ard statesman vs. politician; determined (坚决的) vs drunkard, dullard 蠢人, braggart 吹牛的人,laggard 迟缓 者,coward range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur or collocate. 4. Classifications of Words Words can be classified from different angles. 1. According to the notion of words: content words and functional/function words 2. According to the use frequency: and loan/borrowed words functional/function words or 3. According to the origin: native words ( 张维友 ) 1. According to notion: content words vs. content words: words, are meaningful in themselves, even if they appear in isolation http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca eg. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals, etc. function words or , are meaningful only when used in conjunction with other words eg. articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc. 2. According to the use frequency Basic word stock refers to the words which can describe the basic concept and context and denote the commonest things necessary for life and the most indispensable things. 3. According to the origin 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ native words: are Angle-Saxon words still retained in Modern English./Native words are the foundation and the core of the English vocabulary. Most of them are of the Anglo-Saxon origin. loan words: are words taken from different foreign languages./are words that have a foreign origin. loan words Latin ?Christianity:psalm, martyr ?custody, conspiracy, homicide, immune, incarnate ?lunatic, magnify, secular, temperate http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca?Bonus, apparatus, alumnus, vacuum, militia, inertia ?Suffix: -able, -ible, French ?administration: chancellor, exchequer ?Law: plaintiff, defendant, plea, plead, attorney ?Military affairs: armour, siege, colonel, lieutenant, sergeant ?Cuisine: roast, toast, pasty, pastry, sausage, café, chef ?corsage, attaché, ballet, burlesque, patrol, liaison, chauffeur, convoy ?according to, in vain, by heart, hand to hand Greek grammar, lexicon, lexicology, lexis, semantics, syntax Arithmetic, anatomy, thesis, rhetoric bio-; auto-; 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Other foreign language ?Italian: stanza, improvise, miniature, profile ?German: quartz, ecology, lager, poodle ?Chinese: silk, ginseng, sampan, Maoism, mao-tai, Peking duck, pinyin, Red Guard, tai chi chuan, yin yang, feng shui, guanxi, suanpan, Lecture 3 the structure of words 1. morpheme and allormorph 2. types of morphttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cahemes 3. root, stem and base (词根、词干、词基) 1. Morpheme ―Morpheme‖ is derived from Greek. morphe: “form” -eme(it denotes the smallest unit or the minimum distinctive feature) A morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of which the language is composed. (not analyzable or dividable) chill y, boy sky ish un dress ed, care less ness un fruit ful ness un gentle man li ness Try to identify how many morphemes the following words are composed of. mistake—2 ; sportsmanship---3 ; transportation—3 ; denationalization---5; unfriendliness---4 antigovernment---3; Allomorphs: refer to the variants of the 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ same morpheme. They do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound. e.g. -ion, -tion, -sion –stion ? the sound /t/ –ion eg. deduct ---- deduction; invent----invention; deposit ---- deposition ? with consonants other http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cathan /t/ –tion proscribe ---- proscription; describe—description –ize ? verbs ending in –ify and –ation eg. modify --- modification; justify----justification ratify 正式批准,生效 ---- ratification; centralize ---- centralization ? verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, –sion e.g. apprehend - apprehension; expand—expansion delude ---- delusion; intermit ---intermission Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. For example, the allomorphs of the negative prefix in- ? im-occurs p, b, or m (impervious, imminent 即 将 来 临 的 , imbecile, imperfect, imbalance, immobile) ? ir--occurs before r (irradiate, irretrievable 无法挽救的, irresponsible) ? il- before l (illusive 错觉的, illustrious 著名的杰出的卓越的, illogical) ? in- before all other consonants, and vowels (inflexible, inexcusable) are allomorphs of the morpheme in-. 2. types of morphemes im-, ir- and il- 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ free morpheme bohttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caund root bound affix inflectional affix derivational suffix stand alone ; have complete meaning in themselves; used as free grammatical units or bound. They are mainly affixes. Bound morphemes: bound roots and affixes Bound roots: A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning. foreign sources, especially Greek and Latin, e.g. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ : away form the rule root→tain: to hold root→norm : to rule conceive, deceive, receive contain, detain, retain root→eive: to take revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious 活泼的,有生气的, vivid life or to live inspect, root→vit-/ viv-: Bound root: more examples ? pect expect, introspect, retrospect, Respect, suspect, prospect, circumspect 环顾四周 ? -not- (a Latin root, ―to know‖): note, noteles, notice, noticeable, notion, connote, http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca denote notable, notability, notary, notate, notation, notarize ... 英语中有些词根既是自由的又是黏着的。如 child 是自由语素,而 children 中的 child 是黏 着的。 e.g. address→addresses, the women‘s liberation, meek are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. into prefixes and suffixes e.g. sub serve; boss meeker meekest They can be further divided y Derivational affix de- defrost 解冻,除霜;decentralization 分散,非集权化;detrain 下火车;decode 解 码 -eer(人, 蔑视) profiteer 谋取暴利的人, blackmarketeer 黑市商人 Dead affixes---They are no longer used to form new words. 1. for------forgive, forgive, forbid 2. with -----withdraw, withhold, withstand, 3. -ent -----servant, different 3. root, stem and base (词根、词干、词基) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Root: A root is the basic form of a word that expresses its essential meaning. A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removedhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca. 词根是所有 屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 Friends 中的 friend-和 friendships 中的 friendship-都是词干。 A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可加 在上面的形式。 desire (root/base) (derivational suffix) desire (root/stem/base) (inflectional suffix) un (derivational prefix) (stem/base) able ( base) undesirable (n.) d desirable (adj.) s (inflectional suffix) 词根(root)是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词干(stem)是所有屈折 词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词基(base)是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。 它与词根有区别,因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式,在上面可以加上派生词缀。但 是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的,因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以 加在词基上,而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ (prefix or suffix)]. restate, strongest, activelyhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca, precede Ways of word formation 1. compounding (复合法 、合成法) 2. derivation / affixation (派生法) 3. conversion (词类转化法/转类法) 4. back-formation (逆生法) 1. What is compounding? Compounding (link) is a main type of word-formation by which two or more bases/independent words/old words are put together to make one word. Compounds refer to words formed by compounding. /are stems consisted of more than one root. e.g. desktop, blackbird, by-effect, rainbow, waste paper basket 2. criteria of a compound (1) (2) (3) (4) phonological(语音的)criterion semantic criterion grammatical criterion orthographic(书写的) criterion The compound has a single stress on the first element as ( space rocket ); or a primary stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element, as ( black-list ) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the phrase has a secondary stress on the first ehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1calement and the main stress on the second element. eg. a vs. a black the compound Every compound should express single idea just as one word. e.g. a greenhouse(温室、暖房) vs. a green house a green hand red meat (红肉 (指羊肉、牛肉等) ) hot dog A lot of compounds are transparent(透明的、含意清楚的), that is, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. E.g. flower pot, tax cut, washing machine, backdoor, sunset, workday, dumb show, a computer game, sandstorm As to some compounds, the meaning cannot be inferred from the two component s of the compounds. brain drain( 人 才 流 失 ) , white lie, hot dogs; contact lens, offbeat( 非 传 统 的 ), blueblood, blue ribbon, dog days The compound is a single lexical unit, so its constituent parts cannot be modified independently; no extraneous element should be inserted between them (link) the whole compound may be inflected according grammaticahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cal to its class; however, its constituent parts may not be inflected. (link) ? Compound verb: He bad-mouthed me. ? Compound nouns show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end new-borns, three-year-olds,major-generals e.g. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ (exceptions: brothers-in-law, lookers-on, consuls-general, passers-by) ? In adjective-plus-nouns compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes fine art (correct) finer art(wrong) The orthographic treatment of compounds is by no means consistent. ①. Some are written as one word (with or without a hyphen between two words). eg. bedroom reading-room ② Some are written as two or more words. eg. dining room 3 different kinds of compounds noun compounds Compounding can adjective compounds occur not only in verb compounds the three major word classes http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca(n., adj., and v.) but also in other word classes (prep., pron., n n : moon walk, mouse mat, pinhead, airline n daybreak v a n : telltale, workbook, jumpsuit n : v-ing : brain-washing, air-conditioning v-ing n : stockholder adv a v : v : downfall, outbreak toothache, frostbite, deadline, blueprint cleaning lady, n v-er: 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ v adv : makeup, sit-in, have-nots, turnabout, v-ing adv: going-over adv v-ing: up-bringing grammatical analysis of noun compounds ? subject verb (主谓) crybaby, daybreak, sunrise, heartbeat, headache, glowworm, revolving door,rattlesnake (the snake rattles) ? verb object(动宾) backrest: to rest the back; scarecrow: to scare the crow More examples: haircut, pickpocket, handshake, housekeeping, drawbridge ? birth control, Place computer-designer, ?verb adverbial : hiding-place, drinkinghttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca-cup, sun-bathing, city-dweller, springboard ? Time: sleep-walking (walk in one‘s sleep), day-dream, night flight, grindstone ?subject ? Instrument: sewing machine, handwriting, gunfight, object (主宾) link power plant (The plant produces power.) bloodstain (Blood leaves the stain.) television screen (The television has the screen.) soap ) sugar cane (the cane yields sugar) soap suds ( suds produced by steam engine (the engine powered by steam) gaslight (the gas produces light) ? Subject complement 主语 补语 dragonfly (the fly is like a dragon.) Restrictive relation (限定关系) link safety-belt (the belt is for safety.) ? raindrop (a drop of rain); 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ moonwalk (a walk on the moon); evening school (a school in the evening); tablecloth (a table for the cloth) red tape We have to cut through all of the red tape to quickly attain a goal. ( 我 们 必 须 跳 过 所 有 的 繁 文 缛 节 , 以 便 迅 速 实 现 目 标 。) ? Appositive relhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caation ( 同 位 关 系 ) a pine tree (the tree is a pine) girlfriend (the friend is a girl), Killerwhale ( the whale is a killer 逆戟鲸,虎 鲸) Compound nouns can also be formed from phrasal verbs. This type is very common in contemporary English. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n v-ing: law-abiding a v-ing: high-sounding, easy-going n a.: thread-ware a a : bitter-sweet, deaf-mute n ed: custom-built adv v-ed: far-fetched n/a n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted num n-ed: one-eyed adv v-ing: out-going, froth-coming, well-meaning grammatical analysis of adjective compounds v-ed adv: worn-out, washed-up 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ (1) Subject verb (This type is highly productive.)weather-beaten(rocks), suntanned, (2) verb object life-giving, breath-taking, fault-finding, peaceloving, record-breaking (3) verb adverbial home-made, everlasting, well-meant, long-awaited, ocean-ghttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caoing, everlasting, well-behaved, newly-laid (eggs) , (4) verb predicative/complement sweet-smelling, good-looking (5) noun-adverbial adjective homesick, tax-free, seasick, watertight, fire-proof, crystal-clear, knee-deep, shoulder-high (6) Coordinate relation: Sino-American (7)Phrases ( in the form of prepositional phrase ) ? No one will listen to your made-up stories. ? This endlessly talked-about topic bored me. ? They kept a round-the-clock watch on the house. ? We like your well brought-up children. ? Men over 45 are becoming the new at-risk population for significant problem with anxiety and depression. ? The message behind his in-your-face taunt: Get with the program; support the GOP Contract with America; 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ adapt—or else! (8)Compounds derived from idioms and sentences air-down: let‘s one‘s hair down stiff-upper-lip: keep a stiff upper liphttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca devil-may-care: 不顾一切的,不要命的 dog-eat-dog: 狗咬狗的;无情的;自相残杀的 run-of-the-mill: 普通的,平常的 My grandfather displayed a never-to-be-too-old-to-learn spirit. Charles was of the look-before-you-leap sort. It is completely cards-on-the-table conference Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic English. e.g. the do-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-need policy never-to-be-forgotten days the still-to-be-discovered elements Verb compounds are not as common as the other two classes. The limited number of verbs are created either through conversion or through back formation(逆成法). Verb compounds ? n v: brain-wash, gift wrap, handpick ? adv v : download, cross-question, outeat, outgo, overcharge, overhear, undergo, upgrade, withdraw ? a v : dry-clean, safeguard, ill-treat,http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca whitewash v v: drop-kick, jump-start ? adv n: underline, downsize ? verb compounds are 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ formed: 1. through back-formation (逆成法) [Lu p40] eg. mass-produce from mass production air-condition housekeep windowdress from window-dressing from air-conditioning from baby-sit from baby-sitter house-keeping speed-read from speed-reading lip-read from lip-reading bottle-feed from bottle-feeding 2. through conversion (转类法) blueprint n.→ v. → v. cold-shoulder n.→v. machine-gun n.→v. n.→ v. honeymoon n.→ v. chain-smoke → court-martial n.→v. sand-bag n.→v. nickname n. footprint n.→v. outline 3. through analogy (类推法) chain-drink half-starve, half-choke → half-turn, half-close, half-rise double-check → double-book 4. in colloquial context She had been cathedral-looking at Avignon. 在 阿 维 尼 翁 时 她 到 各 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 教堂去观光了一番。 The function of verb compounds Verb compounds are usually used in spoken English and news-reporting to make the language more vivid; to make the expression more witty; to make the sentence structure more concise. E.g.: 始像滚雪球般扩大。 The business started to snowball. 生意开 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ―…leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.‖ ―…这一切事你暂且别管,只要记住一点,那就是休?赫夫纳这个人总是一杯接着一杯喝百事 可乐。‖ They were shipwrecked off the coast of Australia. 他们的船在澳大利亚外海 遇难了。 It‘s better if you handwash them. Dry-cleaning‘s never quite the same, is it? 这些东西用手洗比较好,而干洗的效果就不一样,是吗? As the officers attempted to handcuff Jackson, Hill came up from behind, killing Taylor and wounding Bailly. 当这两位警官试图给杰克逊戴上手铐 时,希尔从后面靠近, 杀害了泰勒警官,伤了贝利警官。 4. Conclusion Compounding is a very productive way of word formation. Each constituent in a compound can belong to any kind http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caof word class. The constituents can be ordered freely. The constituents in a compound are usually basic words. Analysis of compounds The relationship between two constituents in a compound varies a lot. Compounds sharing the same form may have different internal structures. Exercise: Translate the following compounds into Chinese, and tell the semantic relations between the two constituents. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 1. oil cake: cake made of oil 油渣饼,豆饼 2. oil field:field where oil is located 3. oil palm: palm producing oil 4. oil lamp: lamp operating on oil 5. oil painting: painting made of paints with an oil base 6. oil gauge: gauge for measuring oil 油表 1. playback: play backward 2. playboy: a boy who plays a lot 3. playday: a day on which students can play 4. playground: ground where people can play 5. playwright: a writer who writes play Lecture 5 derivation / affixation (详见常用词缀) ://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caparDerivation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which news words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into subcategories. 1. prefixation: adding a prefix to the initial position of a base 2. suffixation: adding an suffix to the end of a bas Words created in this way are called s. prefixation types of prefixes * ①negative prefixes * ②reversative prefixes(逆反前缀) * ③pejorative prefixes (贬义前缀) * ④prefixes of degree or size * ⑤prefixes of orientation and attitude * * ⑦prefixes of time and order * * ⑨conversion prefixes (转类前缀) * ⑥locative prefixes ⑧number prefixes ⑩miscellaneous prefixes 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 1. negative prefixes This group means ―not, without, opposite to‖ ①a-, an- ②dis- ③in- 2. ④ non- ⑤ un- reversative( 逆 反 的 prefihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caxes ) This group means ―reversing the action‖ ①de- ② dis- ③ un- 3. Pejorative(贬义的) prefixes ①mal- ② mis- ? arch-: ③ pseudo- This group means ―badly, bad, wrongly, false‖ 4. prefixes of degree or size ―supreme, most‖ ? co: ―jointly‖ ? extra-: ―very‖ macro-: ―large‖ ? micro-:―vary small‖ out-: ―surpassing‖ ? sur-:―over and above‖ 极…的 ? mini-: ? hyper-: ―little‖ ? ? ? ultra-: ―extreme‖超…的, ⑴ under-: ―insufficient, beneath‖ ⑵ over-: ―excessive‖ 过分的,过度的 ⑶ sub-: ―secondary‖在…下面,次于,分 支 ⑷ super-: ―more than, beyond, very special‖ 5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude ①anti-: --- ―against, opposed to‖ destroying‖ characteristics‘ anti-social, anti-missile, anti-inflation, anti-hero, anti-aging anti-music ② --- ―preventing, ---?against contra-: contrafactual ③counter-: ―against, in proposition to‖ traditional ―opposite‖ e.g. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ④ pro-: http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca ―for, on the side of‖pro-American, prodemocracy 6. locative prefixes ① extra-:―outside of‖ extracurricular, extramarital ② fore-: ―front part of‖ ③ inter-: ―between‖ foreleg, foreground, forefront inter-continental, intermarriage, interplay, ④ intra-:―within‖ intra-national, intra-party, intramural ⑤ tele-: ―distant‖ telecommunication, trans-:―across, from one place to another‖ teleprinter, telephone ⑥ ----trans-Siberian, transplant ----translate, transmit, transform, transcribe 7. prefixes of time and order ① ex-: ―former‖ ex-convict, ex-professor, ex-husband ② fore-: ―before‖ ③ post-:―after‖ foreknowledge, foretaste, foreword, forefathers, forethought post-classical, post-election, postgraduate, posthumous, postscript, postwar ④ pre-:―before, in advance‖ pre-marital, pre-industrial, prejudge ⑤ prewar, premature, re-: back‖recyclehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca, re-evaluate 8. number prefixes ? multi-, poly-: ―many‖ ? hemi-, semi-, demi- : ―half‖ ? di-, bi-: ―two‖ ? mono-, uni-: dichotomy, bilateral ―one‖ ―again, renew, 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ? tri-: ―three‖ ? tetra-, penta-: trinomial, tripartite, trio, trisect, triangle quadri―five‖ : ―four‖ tetragon, quadricycle, quadrilateral ? Pentagon, pentagram( 五 角 星 形 ) ? hexa-, sex-: ―six‖ hexachord, hexagon, sexagenarian ? hepta-, sept-:―seven‖ ? octa-: ―eight‖ octagon ⑴ deca-: ―ten‖ ⑵ hecto-: ―hundred‖ kilo-: ―thousand‖ hectogram, hectowatt, hectometer, hectoliter ⑶ kilogram, kilometer 9. conversion prefixes ① a-: can be added to verbs to produce predictive adjectives eg. aglow, awash, alive, asleep ② be-: bewail, befriend, begrudge,beloved, bewildered ③ en-, em- : (em- occurs before p, b, m, ) with nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs ehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cag. empower, enflame, embitter 10. miscellaneous prefixes ① auto- : ―self‖ autobiography, autosuggestion, autocrat ② neo-:―new‖ neo-Nazi, neo-classicism, neo-Gothic ③ paleo-: ―old‖ ④ pan-: ―all, the whole of‖ paleography, paleolithic pan-European, pan-African ⑤ proto-:―first‖ proto-Germatic, prototype ⑥ vice-: ―deputy‖ vice-admiral, vice-president Suffixation Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 1. noun suffixes 2. adjective suffixes 3. adverb suffixes 4. verb suffixes Noun suffixes (1) noun→noun suffixes -eer: ―skilled in, engaged in‖ e.g. profiteer, engineer, auctioneer, mountaineer -er: ―having as dominant characteristics, denizen of‖ e.g. teenager, glover -ess -ette: -let: leatherette unimportant‖ ―smallhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca, e.g. starlet, booklet, droplet -ster ―involved in‖ e.g. trickster, gangster, songster -age: ―measure of, process or state‖ e.g. mileage, storage, coverage, -dom: ―state, condition‖ e.g. martyrdom, officialdom -ful: -hood: ―state, condition‖ e.g. adulthood, spinsterhood, --ing ―the material of‖ e.g. matting, tubing; “activity connected with” e.g. farming, cricketing -ism “doctrine of, practice of” consumerism, terrorism, ageism -ery, -ry: -dom: (2) verb→noun suffix -ant: assistant, contestant, informant, applicant(占领、参加), coolant, pollutant 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ (substance) -er, -or: (persons and nonpersons) photographer, strainer, mixer, speculator, elevator, escalator, -ent: (person or thing) descendent -ee: (2) verb→noun suffix shrinkage, respondent, correspondent, carriage action, state, process, result of -al: dismissal, -age: marriage, linkage, portrayal, survival -ance: pehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1carformance, insurance -ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion: realization, addition, protection, commission, decision, --ence adherence, existence, persistence --ing: building, wedding, opening, savings, earnings --ment puzzlement, resentment assessment, (3) adjective→noun suffix -ity: meaning ?state or condition‘ e.g. productivity, intensity, superiority -ness: ‘state or quality’ e.g. youthfulness, permissiveness, up-to-datedness 2. adjective suffixes (1) noun→adjective -ed: pear-shaped, blue-eyed -ful: ?full of, providing‘ e.g. merciful, graceful, dutiful -ish: Polish; snobbish, coquettish, sixtyish; plumpish -less: brainless; priceless, timeless (immeasurable) --like ladylike, dreamlike -ly: cowardly; hourly -y: flowery, smoky, grassy; doggy, biddy (affection) -al, -ial, -ical; -esque; -ic; -ous, -eious, -ieous 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ e.g. sentimental, patriotic, http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1casensuous, marvellous, anxious (2) veb→adjective -able.-ble: ?possibility‘ washable , admirable , identifiable, convertible, permissible 3. adverb suffixes -ly: ?in …manner, to a …degree‘gradually, seriously, scientifically, publicly, -ward, -wards: homewards, downward, skyward -wise: percentage-wise, calorie-wise 4. verb suffixes ate: ?give or make or become‘ e.g. originate, validate, heighten, strengthen -en: dampen, flatten, -ify, -fy: glorify, solidify, amplify ize, -se: symbolize, fantasize, visualize, institutionalize Conclusion:单个词缀的多义性; 两个或两个以上词缀的同义性; 同一个英语词缀往往有 不同的汉语翻译 ;不同的派生词缀构词能力差异很大 (注意:英语中词缀构词能力的强弱 与它的出现频率并不是一回事);前缀和后缀在语法功能、语义,以及与词根关系的密切程度 上都有不同 ? 前缀的作用与副词相仿, 可以表示方式、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念 缀有很强的语法意义,它们都能决定词的语法属性, 与词根的关系不像后缀与词根的关系那样密切 但词汇意义不如前缀明显。 ? ? 后 前缀 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Lecture 6 conversion: 1. What is conversion? 2. Words of differehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cant word classes formed by conversion 3. Conclusion I. What is conversion? Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class into another class, i.e. by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech in traditional terms. New words are new only in a grammatical sense. II. Words of different word classes formed by conversion ? ? ? nouns produced by conversion verbs produced by conversion adjectives produced by conversion 1. Nouns produced by conversion: cognates (同源对似词) v. → n. (1). to denote the state of mind or sensation love v. to have strong affection or deep tender feeling for n. warm, kind feeling; fondness doubt v. to hesitate to believe n. uncertainty of mind desire 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ v. to long for; to wish n. strong longing; earnest wish smell, hate, taste, want, (2). to denothttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cae an event or activity search v. to examine; to look carefully at n. act of searching laugh v. to make sounds or movements of the face and body showing amusement n. act of laughing attempt v. to try, to make a start at doing something n. effort to do something hit, release, swim, shut-down(关门歇业,倒闭), teach-in Note: many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have, take, make, give, etc, to form phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action eg. have a look / smoke / swim / try / wash take a walk / ride / glance / rest / shower 相当于汉语里的 ― 动词 一 动词‖ 、― 动词 了一次‖ (3). to refer to the object of the given verb(p28 Lu) a catch (捕获物,捕获量) a find (发现物) import (进口商品; the process of importing) a reply (复信,回复) reject 次品,buy 便宜货,hand-out,answer, bet 赌注 (4). to refer to the subject of the given verb (p28 Lu) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ help: one who helpshttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca, cook,flirt,cheat,coach,home help (佣工),sneak (鬼鬼祟祟的人),bore (惹人讨 厌的人或物),stand-in,scold 老爱责骂的人 (5). to refer to the tool or instrument to do the action with eg. a cover (盖子,封面),a catch (门扣) a wrap (包裹物),a cure (疗法,药) (6). to refer to the place of the action eg. a pass (关口),a dump (堆垃圾的地方),a divide (分界线),a turn (拐弯处),a retreat (避难处) adj. → n。 达到新高度/低点, 公园的恬静,分清是非 full conversion and partial conversion (1). full conversion: The nouns fully converted possess all the qualities a noun does. eg. a native, two natives, the native‘s language, a returned native a white, a communist, a Christian, a Chinese, necessaries, drinkables, valuables Some participles also can be converted to nouns. eg. a given 假设,事实, a drunk, newly-weds Note: 有些由形容词转化而成的名词已被赋予新义或有新的用法 创举, exclusive 独家报道 ?Nouns (p33 Lu ) eg. first (2). partial conversion partially converted fhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1carom adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ definite articles. What‘s more, they retain some of the adjective features. (p31 Lu) eg. the poor, the young, the wounded, the comparatively rich, the more affluent, the most corrupt of them all Minor categories: nouns converted form other word classes (1)form closed-class words to nouns ifs and buts 借口,托辞,a must 必须做的事,the how and the why 情况和原因 (2)from affixes to nouns: pros and cons (3)from phrases to nouns: the also-rans 竞争中的失败者,ins and outs 2. Verbs produced by conversion 1. noun to verb Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns in a variety of ways. (1). to put … in / on 放入或使处于 to pocket the money: to put the money into the pocket to can the fruit: to put the fruit into the cans e.g. bottle, garage, corner ( 逼 到 角 落 , http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 使走投无路,使落入圈套), shelve (2). to give … / to provide with … the refugees: to give shelter to the refugees the machine with oil remove … from 给予,提供 to shelter to oil the machine: the provide e.g. butter, grease, arm, finance, coat, fuel (3). to 去掉 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ to skin the lamb: to remove the skin from the lamb to juice the oranges: to remove the juice from the oranges e.g. core, peel, feather, gut (4). to do with … 用…去做、完成 to pump water: to bring water with a pump e.g. brake, fiddle 摆弄,修理, finger 触摸, hammer, shoulder, glue,pump 抽水 (5). to be or act as… 作为,充当,像…那样 to nurse the baby: to be the nurse for the baby to captain the team: to act as the captain for the team e.g. father, parrot, pilot, referee,dog 追踪,wolf 狼吞虎咽 into… cash 使…成为,把…变成 (6). to make or change to cash the cheque: to change the cheque into to http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caorphan the baby: to make the baby an orphan widow (7). to send or go by … to send the letter by mail e.g. cripple, fool, knight 封为爵士, 用…来寄送,乘…前往 to mail the letter: to bicycle: to go by bicycle e.g. helicopter, ship, telegraph, boat, motor note: In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain nonaffixal changes which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution. (1)voicing of final consonants: The unvoiced fricative consonants /s/, /f/, and /θ/ in some nouns are voiced to /z/, /v/, and /?/ respectively in the corresponding verb forms 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Noun Verb house /-s/ house /-z/ use /-s/ use /-z/ thief /-f/ thieve /-v/ mouth /-θ/ mouth /-?/ (2)shift of stress: This stress shift usually occurs in two syllable words. When used as a noun, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the stress moves onto the second syllable. eghttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca. con‘duct v. v. re‘bel n. ?desert ?present n. v. pre‘sent ?extract n. ?conduct n. v. ex‘tract n. de‘sert ?rebel v. n. ?permit per‘mit v. (3)features Nouns are frequently used as verbs without the change in form. This usage is really labour-saving, economical and very vivid. eg. to elbow one‘s way trough the crowd to push one‘s way through the crowd with one‘s elbows a. They now eat better food, live in better houses, and wear better clothes than ever before. b. They are better fed, better housed, and better clothed than ever before. Some nouns can be converted into verbs with several different meanings. eg. to dust: 除去灰尘;扬起灰尘,(鸟)用沙土洗澡 (2). adj. → verb Look at the following sentences: He walked carefully so as not to wet his shoes. He walkhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caed carefully so a 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ not to make his shoes wet. The photograph yellowed with age.: … became yellow with age. Two men carrying a wooden keg emptied its contents into the opening. The play was over and the auditorium began to empty. The verbs converted are semantically simple, that is, they can be used either transitively to mean ― to make… …‖ or intransitively to ―to become ….‖ Note: Almost all the converted verb in these two types can be used both as transitive verb and intransitive verb. Dry your wet hands. (vt.) The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun. (vi.) 3. Adjectives produced by conversion ①noun → adj. (p21 Lu )详见课本,这里不再罗列。 ②v. → adj. give a repeat performance 再表演一次 ③adv → adj. a very forward young girl 一个很大胆的女孩 ④phrase → adj. over-the-counter 不需处方可以出售的, out-of-control 失控的,out-of-shape 健康不佳 的 an out-of-the-way hut 偏 僻 的 小 屋; an up-in-the-air feeling 一 种 渺 茫 的 感觉 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca Lecture 7 other ways of word formation Backformation is considered to It is the method of creating words by examples: Lu p49 (请自己查阅课本) Notes: 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 1. One cannot use backformation to create new words freely 2. One must look up in the dictionary to confirm the existence of the word formed through backformation 3. This group of words are mainly used in oral English and in news reporting. shortening /abbreviation (缩略法) scientific writing and journalistic style. There are seven types of clippings. Seven types: --- front clippings 截除词首 ? chute ---- from ?parachute‘ ? copter ← helicopter,bus ← omnibus, dozer ←bulldozer ? wig ←periwig 假 发,van ←caravan 大蓬货车, phone ----back clippings – ad ---- from ?advertisement‘ – demo ---- from ?demonstration‘ – auto, doc←doctor,lav ←lavatory 盥洗室,mitt ←mitten 连指手套,porn ←pornography 色情 文学, expo ← exposition 展 览 dihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1casco memo ←memorandum 备忘录,taxi—taxicab, prof—professional ---front and back clippings ? flu ← from ?influenza‘ ? script ← from ?prescription‘处方 会 , ←discotheque, 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ? fridge ← from ?refrigerator‘ asst←from ?assistant? ---middle clippings ? bike ← from ?bicycle‘ ? the Gents ← from ?public lavatory for men‘ ? maths ← from ?mathematics‘ ? pacifist←pacificist 和平主义者 ---phrase clippings ? jet ← from ?jet-propelled plane‘ ? nylons ← from ?stockings made by nylon‘ ? pub ← from ?public house‘ ? Three-D ← from ?three-dimensional film or form‘ ? finals←final examinations ? pop ←pop music ? zoo ←zoological garden 动物园 ? perm ←permanent wave 烫发 ---journalist clippings ? H. K. ---- from ?Hong Kong‘ ? Dept ---- from ?department‘ ? Cwlth ---- from ?the Commonwealth‘ ---back clipping ? suffix http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cacomfy ---- 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ from ?comfortable‘ ? hankie / hanky ---- from ?handkerchief‘ ? aggro ---- from ?aggression o‘ – 有 的截 短词 和原 词同时 存在 ,但 截短 词是通 用的 词, 而原 词却不 常用 ,如 lunch ←luncheon 午餐,movie ← motion pictures – 截短词有鲜明文体色彩,多用于口语和非正式场合 exam, trig, maths, lab, prof, co-educated( 男 女 同 校 的 ) – 截 短 词 有 时 在 拼 写 时 稍 改 动 mike ←microphone, dub ←double(为电影配音) Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. ? ISBN: International Standard Book Number ? CD: Compact Disk ? E-mail: electric mail ? H – bomb: hydrogen bomb ? IOC, UN, VIP more examples: ? CPPCC ←national committee of the Chinese People‘s Political Consultative Conference ? DIY: do it yourself, D.J. ←disc jockey ? FM ←frequency modulation 调频 ? ISO ←International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织 ? PM, UFO, USA, GDP, GNP ? GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产 总值,GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产 总 值 ? AThttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caM, AVM, TVM, CEO, BA, CCTV, 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ? PC, CPU, HTTP, IP, USB, LCD ←liquid crystal display 液晶显示屏 1. e. g. ← exampli gratia 例如 2. et al ←et alii 4. a. m. ← 以及其它等等 3. etc. ←ec cetera ante meridiem 午前 5. i. d. ←idem 等等 同上 6. i.e. ←id est 即 Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. ? AIDS: acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome ? radar: radio detecting and ranging ? TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language ? laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ? dinky←double income, no kids ? UNESCO: the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization ? NATO blending 拼缀法 is the way of forming new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. words formed in this way are called blends. e.g. brunch, motel, smog Four major groups: (1) head tail ://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1camotel ← slurb←(slum head suburb); chunnel← tunnel); autocide, hotel); telecast (2) head ? comsat:通讯卫星 head (channel (motor word (communication satellite) ? sitcom: (situation comedy) (3) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ? medicare: (medical care) ? Eurasia: (Europe Asia) The ? telequiz: (telephone quiz) paratroops, telediagnosis (4) word tail lunarnaut:(lunar astronaut) bookmobile: book automobile) workfare: (work welfare) tourmbile: (tour automobile) More examples: ? autome 流动住宅车←automobile home ? psywar 心理战←psychological warefare ? meld 熔焊←melt weld ? breathalyse 对 … 做 呼 吸 的 测 醉 分 析 ←breath analyse ? fantabulous 极 出 色 的 ←fantastic fabulous ? blends of different stylistic features (Lu, p47) 文档下载网是专业的免费文档搜索与下载网站,提供行业资料,考试资料,教 学课件,学术论文,技术资料,研究报告,工作范文,资格考试,word 文档, 专业文献,应用文书,行业论文等文档搜索与文档下载,是您文档写作和查找 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 参考资料的必备网站。 文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 亿万文档资料,等你来发现