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英语词汇学 lecture 1-7
英语词汇学,词根,词缀
Modern English Lexicology
Lecture 1—Introduction
Basic terms: language, linguistics and lexicology
The origin and development of English
language, linguistics and lexicology
What is language？
of information.
What is linguistics?
Linguistics is generally defined as of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies
the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems
of human communication. The scope/branches of linguistics
? Traditional classification: phonetics, grammar, lexicology.
? Now the field of linguistics has expanded: phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics,
lexicology, stylistics,
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sociolinguistics, contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, … Lexicology: What
is lexicology?
Lexicology: lexic- (lexicon 词汇/ lexis 词)
ology ? 词汇学是研究语言词汇的一门学
科。 (陆国强, 1999) ? 词汇学是一门有关词的科学。（汪榕培， 2008)
?
Lexicology
is
the
branch
linguistichttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cas
of
that
investigates, describes and theorizes about . （Words，Meaning
and Vocabulary, 2000 ）作为语言学的分支，词汇学对词汇进行调查研究、描述并予以理论
化。
? 可以说，词汇学是一门研究词汇的学科，以一种语言中的词汇总体为研究对象，是语言分
析的一个层面，是
现代语言学的重要分支。与词汇学相关的学科包括语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义
学、词源学和词典学。按语言不同，词汇学还可以分为英语词汇学、汉语词汇学、俄语词汇
学、日语词汇学等。张华 （2008） ? Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned
with the
study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals
with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.
The domain of lexicology
English lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical
development, morphological structure,, semantic structures, sense relations,
formation and application, usages, idioms and English dictionaries. (林承璋)
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英语词汇学主要内容有词的来源、词的意义、词的历史发展、词的形态结构、词的语义结构、
语义关系、构成方式、英语词汇的应用和用法、习语及词典知识。
―词汇‖ 在英语里可以用 vocabulary、 lexis 和 lexicon 来表示 ,三个术语大致上是同义
的
,
但
是
,vocabulary
比
较
口
语
化
、
lexihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cacon 比较学术化、 而
lexis 界乎两者之间。(汪榕培)
The origin and development of the English language
The origin of English
?
500 BC
The Celts
? 55 BC Julius Caesar ----400
? 449 invasion by Germanic tribes(日尔曼部落 ) –Their
language—Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁—撒克逊语)
The development of the English language
① Old English [Anglo-Saxon Period]
(AD450-1150) （ 古 英 语 ） ②Middle English
(AD1150-1500)（中古英语）
③Modern English (AD1500 to the present day）(现代英语) ---Early Modern English
(1500-1800)
---Late Modern English (1800-Present)
Influential factors/events
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1.The earliest settlers in the British Isles: Celts / Kelts /
2. In 55 B.C., invasion by the Roman conqueror Julius Caesar.
3. 5th century, the Anglo-Saxon invasion and their settlement in Britain (also called
Teutonic conquer) 4. From the end of the 8th century, the Scandinavian invasion 5.
In
1066,
the
Norhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caman
Conquest 6. The Renaissance
7. The discoveries of Columbus and the opening up of the New World 8. The Expansion
of the British Empire 9. The World War Two
Old English (Characteristics of Old English
1. Great change of the pronunciation of the words (especially the long vowels)
2. The vocabulary of the Old English consisted mainly of Anglo-Saxon words, 85% of
which was no longer in use
now.
3. Old English is characterized by the frequent use of compound. Some OE compounds
involving alliteration, have
survived in Modern English. e.g. 朋友或敌人；with might and main, a labor of love
4. Old English was a highly inflected language. (a complete system of endings) Factors
influencing Old English (AD450-1150)
1. invasion of Britain (449) by Germanic tribes 2. Christianity
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(In the 6th century, the Roman missionaries brought Christianity into England. Many
Lathttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cain words associated
with
the church came into being. (eg. candle, amen, apostle, amen, priest, pope, abbot,
shrine, 弟子/门徒, 殉道者,…) 3. Scandinavian invasion in the 9th century
(Norwegian and Danish Vikings invaded England and then conquered it. Many
Scandinavian words were brought into English.)
? 斯堪的纳维亚人讲的是北日耳曼语，是现在的瑞典语、芬兰语、挪威语和冰岛语的前身 ? 几
个代词（they, them, their, both, same）和连接词 though
? 基本词汇：anger, bull, cake, egg, husband, skin, skill, sky, kid, knife, awkward,
flat, call, die, hit, raise…
(英语中大多数带有 sk-或在 k 后有元音 e，i 的
词，就源自斯堪的纳维亚各族语言)
? Scandinavian invaders and Anglo-Saxons all belonged to the Germanic branches.
Middle English (AD 1150-1500) The existence of three languages
English:a despised language used by boors and serfs
French:Those in power, including those who held political or social power and those
in
powerful
Church
positions.
Latin:Those
who
want
to
make
ahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca living as a scribe and
those in churches Characteristics of Middle English
Vocabulary is characterized by the strong and direct influence of ① English , the
language began to borrow enormous words form other languages. (改变了运用复合法作
为创造新词的主要手段，而向外来语敞开大门。)
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② A lot of affixes are borrowed from French and Latin.
③English borrowed some new ways of word-forming from French.
In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic
language.
In vocabulary, about 9,000 French words were introduced into English, which covered
every field of society, social class, law (judge, jury… ), government administration
(government, state…), military (conquer, victory), food (beef, mutton, pork,
diner…), science (medicine, remedy, surgeon ), religion (baptism, 忏悔…)and dress
(coat, dress, robe，长袍). Factors influencing Middle English (AD 1150-1500) 1. Norman
French://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1car
In 1066, the Norman invaded England. Old English vocabulary began to undergo a great
change.
A great number of French words were introduced into English. (people in power spoke
French; people in church spoke Latin; and native people spoke English)
2. British literature came out (Geoffrey Chaucer)
Modern English (1500 to the present day) 1. Early Modern English (1500 – 1700)
? the chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance.
In this period the
study of
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the Latin and Greek classics was stressed. So the influence of Latin and Greek on
English was great.
external)
? Latin: (conspicuous, emancipate, expectation, exist,
? Greek: (catastrophe, criterion)
2. Late Modern English (1700 up to the present, the Bourgeois Revolution, the
Industrial Revolution, the territorial expansion of the English Empire, the two world
wars)
? Thihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cas period witnesses
a rapid vocabulary expansion. ? French: ballet, champagne, cohesion, dentist…
Characteristics of Modern English (1500 to )
1. In Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. 2.
The rapid expansion of English vocabulary
①Thousands of new words of different origins are added.
② Existing words acquired new meanings and old words died out. A lot of synonyms
of Latin or Greek origin are added.
③Clipping and blending are used in word
formation.
④ English is widely used in other countries. (American English) Words borrowed since
1500 are mostly of abstract and scientific character.
Lecture 2 some fundamental concepts
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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vocabulary, word, lexical item
meaning, concept, referent
1.
sound and meaning
main types of word meaning
vocabulary,
classifications of words
word,
lexical
item://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1car
Vocabulary----the total number of the words in a language.
一个人的词汇量分四个层次，数量依次递增：汪榕培
? speaking vocabulary ? writing vocabulary ? reading vocabulary ? guessing vocabulary
Word: [Lu, p300]
1. A word is the smallest significant unit of speech. (Aristotle)
（In contemporary linguistic theory it should be a morpheme）
2. A free form which is not a phrase, is a word. A word , then, is a free form which
does not consist entirely of (two or more) lesser free forms; in brief, a word is
a minimum free form.‖
---Bloomfield
Bloomfield‘s definition is viewed as one of the classical definitions of the word,
by which Bloomfield means the word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that
can be used on its own. e.g. book cannot be divided further.
3. A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form;
with a unity of sohttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caund
and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given
syntactic function.
1990, P2
---Zhang Yun-fei, An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology,
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4.词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用， 具有声音、意义和语法功能。?±
---
《辞海》上海辞书出版社 1984 （上）375 页
5. 词是代表一定意义、具有固定的语音形式、可以独立运用的最小结构单位
---胡裕
树，《现代汉语》
6. From the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological)
and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit
of a sentence.
（Lu，P301） lexical item
(词项)
---- Lexical items are often referred to, loosely, as words.
(John Lyons)
A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. A complete inventory
of the lexical items of a language constitutes that language‘s dictionary.
[Lu,
p302]
2. sound and meaning
1. the Naturalists
----
there
[自然派]
is
an
intrinsic
correspondence
bethttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caween sound and sense
[音与义之间存在着一种内在对应关系] 2. the Conventionalists [习惯派]
---- there is no natural connection between sound and meaning (arbitrary,
conventional)
[音与义之间没有必然的联系] Opinion in Lu‘s book: p1
the naturalists vs. the conventionalists
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(1). the same sense may have different sounds in different languages;
e.g.
meat
(English)
carne
мяco
viande
(Italian);
(French);
k?tt
(Russian)
肉
(Sweden);
(Chinese) concept
a concept is an abstraction from the things of the same kind, it refers to sth in
general, but not sth in particular.
（---- concept is the result of human
cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
---- it is
universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, and language. ） What is the
relathttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caionship
between
concept and meaning?
1) 2) Meaning is closely related to a concept. It is what the form of a word stands
for.
3. Main types of word meaning
grammatical meaning:
e.g. the dog is chasing the cat,
lexical meaning:
is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component
of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.
e.g. go, goes, gone, went, going
1. conceptual meaning（概念意义):
? ? ?
denotative meaning（外延意义）
Conceptual meaning refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.
?the sun rises
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in the east.‘ The symbol sun here means ?a heavenly body which gives off light, heat
and energy‘, a concept which is unmistakable to anyone who speaks English.
e.g.
father, dad, daddy, papa, the old man, male parent
It is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
Conceptual
meaning
It
forms
the
bashttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cais for communication.
The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers in the
same speech community..
概念意义：词典对词下的定义。 学习语言的时候要首先掌握词的概念意义。 2. Connotative
meaning 内涵意义
Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the
conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part
of the word meaning.
It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion,
geographical region, class background, education, etc.
parent‘ ;
Mother 概念意义：?female
内涵意义： frail, prone to tears, emotional, good at cooking, knitting,
love, care, tenderness, forgiving etc.
3. stylistic meaning:
is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.
Three kinds of words (common words, formal words, informal words) are used on
different occasions.
e.g. daddy 非 正 式 口 语 ， 家 庭 内 容 ， 儿 童 用 语 ；
male parent 正 式 例
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 如 填 表 ， 社 会 调 查 ；
father 中性 domicile， residence，abode and home 从非常正式到比较正式， abode 诗
词中，home 日常用词 4. affective meaning 情感意义
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expresses the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question.
appreciative(褒义的) vs. pejorative(贬义的)
slim 苗条的 vs skinny 皮包骨的;
pigheaded 顽固的 –ard
statesman vs. politician;
determined (坚决的) vs
drunkard， dullard 蠢人， braggart 吹牛的人，laggard 迟缓
者，coward
range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur or collocate.
4. Classifications of Words
Words can be classified from different angles.
1.
According to the notion of words: content words and functional/function words
2.
According to the use frequency:
and loan/borrowed words
functional/function words
or
3.
According to the origin:
native words
( 张维友 ) 1. According to notion: content words vs.
content words:
words, are meaningful in themselves, even if they appear in isolation
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca
eg.
nouns,
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals, etc.
function words or , are meaningful only when used in conjunction with other words
eg.
articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc. 2. According to the use
frequency
Basic word stock refers to the words which can describe the basic concept and context
and denote the commonest things necessary for life and the most indispensable things.
3. According to the origin
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native words: are Angle-Saxon words still retained in Modern English./Native words
are the foundation and the core of the English vocabulary. Most of them are of the
Anglo-Saxon origin.
loan words: are words taken from different foreign languages./are words that have
a foreign origin.
loan words Latin
?Christianity：psalm, martyr
?custody, conspiracy, homicide, immune, incarnate ?lunatic, magnify, secular,
temperate
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca?Bonus,
apparatus,
alumnus, vacuum, militia, inertia
?Suffix: -able, -ible,
French
?administration: chancellor, exchequer
?Law: plaintiff, defendant, plea, plead, attorney
?Military affairs: armour, siege, colonel, lieutenant, sergeant ?Cuisine: roast,
toast, pasty, pastry, sausage, café, chef ?corsage, attaché, ballet, burlesque,
patrol, liaison, chauffeur, convoy ?according to, in vain, by heart, hand to hand
Greek
grammar, lexicon, lexicology, lexis, semantics, syntax Arithmetic, anatomy, thesis,
rhetoric
bio-; auto-;
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Other foreign language
?Italian: stanza, improvise, miniature, profile ?German: quartz, ecology, lager,
poodle
?Chinese: silk, ginseng, sampan, Maoism, mao-tai, Peking duck, pinyin, Red Guard,
tai chi chuan, yin yang, feng shui, guanxi, suanpan,
Lecture 3 the structure of words
1.
morpheme
and
allormorph
2.
types
of
morphttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cahemes
3. root, stem and base (词根、词干、词基) 1. Morpheme
―Morpheme‖ is derived from
Greek.
morphe： “form”
-eme（it denotes the smallest unit or the minimum distinctive
feature）
A morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of which the language is composed. (not
analyzable or dividable)
chill
y, boy
sky
ish
un dress ed, care less ness
un fruit ful ness
un gentle man li ness
Try to identify how many morphemes the following words are composed of.
mistake—2 ；
sportsmanship---3 ；
transportation—3 ；
denationalization---5； unfriendliness---4
antigovernment---3;
Allomorphs: refer to the variants of the
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same morpheme.
They do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound. e.g.
-ion, -tion, -sion –stion ? the sound /t/
–ion
eg. deduct ---- deduction; invent----invention; deposit ---- deposition ? with
consonants other http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cathan
/t/
–tion
proscribe ---- proscription; describe—description
–ize
? verbs ending in –ify and
–ation
eg. modify --- modification; justify----justification
ratify 正式批准，生效 ---- ratification; centralize ---- centralization ? verbs
ending in –d, -de, or –mit,
–sion
e.g. apprehend - apprehension; expand—expansion delude ---- delusion; intermit ---intermission Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. For example, the allomorphs of
the negative prefix in-
? im-occurs p, b, or m (impervious, imminent 即 将 来 临 的 , imbecile, imperfect,
imbalance, immobile) ? ir--occurs before r (irradiate, irretrievable 无法挽救的,
irresponsible)
?
il- before l (illusive 错觉的, illustrious 著名的杰出的卓越的, illogical) ? in-
before all other consonants, and vowels (inflexible, inexcusable)
are allomorphs of the morpheme in-.
2. types of morphemes
im-, ir- and il-
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free
morpheme
bohttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caund root
bound
affix
inflectional
affix
derivational
suffix
stand alone ; have complete meaning in themselves; used as free grammatical units
or bound. They are mainly affixes.
Bound morphemes: bound roots and affixes
Bound roots: A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning.
foreign sources, especially Greek and Latin, e.g.
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: away form the rule
root→tain： to hold
root→norm ：
to rule
conceive, deceive, receive
contain, detain, retain
root→eive： to take
revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious 活泼的，有生气的, vivid
life or to live
inspect,
root→vit-/ viv-：
Bound root: more examples ? pect
expect, introspect, retrospect, Respect, suspect, prospect, circumspect
环顾四周 ? -not- (a Latin root, ―to know‖):
note,
noteles,
notice,
noticeable,
notion,
connote,
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca
denote
notable, notability,
notary, notate, notation, notarize ...
英语中有些词根既是自由的又是黏着的。如 child 是自由语素，而 children 中的 child 是黏
着的。
e.g.
address→addresses, the women‘s liberation, meek
are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
into prefixes and suffixes e.g.
sub
serve;
boss
meeker
meekest
They can be further divided
y Derivational affix
de- defrost 解冻，除霜；decentralization 分散，非集权化；detrain 下火车；decode 解
码 -eer(人， 蔑视)
profiteer 谋取暴利的人, blackmarketeer 黑市商人
Dead affixes---They are no longer used to form new words. 1. for------forgive, forgive,
forbid
2. with -----withdraw, withhold, withstand, 3. -ent -----servant, different
3. root, stem and base (词根、词干、词基)
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Root:
A root is the basic form of a word that expresses its essential meaning. A
root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational
affixes
have
been
removedhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca.
词根是所有
屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have
been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
Friends 中的 friend-和 friendships 中的 friendship-都是词干。
A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and
inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可加
在上面的形式。 desire
(root/base)
(derivational suffix) desire
(root/stem/base)
(inflectional suffix) un
(derivational prefix)
(stem/base)
able
( base) undesirable (n.)
d
desirable
(adj.)
s
(inflectional suffix)
词根（root）是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词干(stem)是所有屈折
词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词基(base)是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。
它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但
是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以
加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。
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(prefix
or
suffix)].
restate,
strongest,
activelyhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca, precede
Ways of word formation
1. compounding （复合法 、合成法） 2. derivation / affixation （派生法） 3. conversion
（词类转化法/转类法） 4. back-formation (逆生法)
1. What is compounding?
Compounding (link) is a main type of word-formation by which two or more
bases/independent words/old words are put together to make one word.
Compounds refer to words formed by compounding. /are stems consisted of more than
one root.
e.g. desktop, blackbird, by-effect, rainbow, waste paper basket
2. criteria of a compound
（1） （2） （3） （4）
phonological(语音的)criterion semantic criterion
grammatical criterion
orthographic(书写的) criterion
The compound has a single stress on the first element as ( space rocket ); or a primary
stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element, as
( black-list )
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the
phrase
has
a
secondary
stress
on
the
first
ehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1calement and the main
stress on the second element. eg.
a
vs. a black the compound Every compound should
express single idea just as one word.
e.g. a greenhouse(温室、暖房) vs. a green house
a green hand
red meat (红肉 (指羊肉、牛肉等) ) hot dog
A lot of compounds are transparent(透明的、含意清楚的), that is, the meaning can be
obtained from the separate elements of compounds. E.g. flower pot, tax cut, washing
machine, backdoor, sunset, workday, dumb show, a computer game, sandstorm As to some
compounds, the meaning cannot be inferred from the two component s of the compounds.
brain drain( 人 才 流 失 ) ， white lie, hot dogs; contact lens, offbeat( 非 传 统 的 ),
blueblood, blue ribbon, dog days
The compound is a single lexical unit, so its constituent parts cannot be modified
independently; no extraneous element should be inserted between them (link)
the
whole
compound
may
be
inflected
according
grammaticahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cal
to
its
class;
however, its constituent parts may not be inflected. (link)
? Compound verb: He bad-mouthed me.
? Compound nouns show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end
new-borns, three-year-olds，major-generals
e.g.
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(exceptions: brothers-in-law, lookers-on, consuls-general, passers-by)
? In adjective-plus-nouns compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional
suffixes
fine art (correct)
finer art(wrong)
The orthographic treatment of compounds is by no means consistent.
①. Some are written as one word (with or without a hyphen between two words).
eg.
bedroom
reading-room
② Some are written as two or more words.
eg. dining room
3 different kinds of compounds
noun compounds
Compounding
can
adjective compounds
occur
not
only
in
verb compounds
the
three
major
word
classes
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca(n., adj., and v.) but
also in other word classes (prep., pron.,
n
n :
moon walk, mouse mat, pinhead, airline n
daybreak v
a
n :
telltale, workbook, jumpsuit
n :
v-ing : brain-washing, air-conditioning v-ing n :
stockholder
adv
a
v :
v :
downfall, outbreak
toothache, frostbite,
deadline, blueprint
cleaning lady,
n
v-er:
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v
adv : makeup, sit-in, have-nots, turnabout,
v-ing
adv:
going-over
adv
v-ing: up-bringing
grammatical analysis of noun compounds
? subject verb (主谓)
crybaby, daybreak, sunrise, heartbeat, headache, glowworm,
revolving door，rattlesnake (the
snake rattles)
? verb
object(动宾)
backrest: to rest the back;
scarecrow: to scare the crow
More examples: haircut, pickpocket, handshake, housekeeping,
drawbridge
?
birth control,
Place
computer-designer,
?verb adverbial
：
hiding-place,
drinkinghttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca-cup,
sun-bathing, city-dweller, springboard ? Time: sleep-walking (walk in one‘s sleep),
day-dream, night flight,
grindstone
?subject
? Instrument: sewing machine, handwriting, gunfight,
object (主宾) link
power plant (The plant produces power.)
bloodstain (Blood leaves the stain.)
television screen (The television has the screen.)
soap ） sugar cane (the cane yields sugar)
soap suds ( suds produced by
steam engine (the engine powered by steam)
gaslight (the gas produces light) ? Subject complement 主语 补语
dragonfly (the fly is like a dragon.)
Restrictive relation (限定关系) link
safety-belt (the belt is for safety.) ?
raindrop (a drop of rain);
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moonwalk (a walk on the moon);
evening school (a school in the evening); tablecloth (a table for the cloth)
red tape
We have to cut through all of the red tape to quickly attain a goal.
（ 我 们 必 须 跳 过 所 有 的 繁 文 缛 节 ， 以 便 迅 速 实 现 目 标 。）
? Appositive
relhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caation （ 同 位 关 系 ）
a pine tree (the tree is a pine)
girlfriend (the friend is a girl), Killerwhale ( the whale is a killer 逆戟鲸,虎
鲸)
Compound nouns can also be formed from phrasal verbs. This type is very common in
contemporary English.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
n
v-ing: law-abiding
a v-ing:
high-sounding, easy-going n
a.: thread-ware
a a : bitter-sweet, deaf-mute n ed: custom-built adv v-ed: far-fetched
n/a
n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted num n-ed: one-eyed
adv v-ing: out-going, froth-coming, well-meaning
grammatical analysis of adjective compounds
v-ed
adv: worn-out, washed-up
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(1) Subject verb （This type is highly productive.）weather-beaten(rocks), suntanned,
(2) verb
object
life-giving, breath-taking, fault-finding, peaceloving, record-breaking (3) verb
adverbial
home-made,
everlasting,
well-meant,
long-awaited,
ocean-ghttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caoing,
everlasting, well-behaved, newly-laid (eggs) ,
(4) verb
predicative/complement
sweet-smelling, good-looking (5) noun-adverbial adjective
homesick, tax-free, seasick, watertight, fire-proof, crystal-clear, knee-deep,
shoulder-high
(6) Coordinate relation: Sino-American
(7)Phrases （ in the form of prepositional phrase ）
? No one will listen to your made-up stories. ? This endlessly talked-about topic
bored me.
?
They kept a round-the-clock watch on the house.
? We like your well brought-up
children.
? Men over 45 are becoming the new at-risk population for significant problem with
anxiety and depression.
? The message behind his in-your-face taunt: Get with the program; support the GOP
Contract with America;
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adapt—or else!
(8)Compounds derived from idioms and sentences air-down: let‘s one‘s hair down
stiff-upper-lip:
keep
a
stiff
upper
liphttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca
devil-may-care: 不顾一切的,不要命的
dog-eat-dog: 狗咬狗的;无情的;自相残杀的
run-of-the-mill: 普通的，平常的
My grandfather displayed a never-to-be-too-old-to-learn spirit. Charles was of the
look-before-you-leap sort. It is completely cards-on-the-table conference
Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite
flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic English.
e.g.
the do-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-need policy never-to-be-forgotten days
the still-to-be-discovered elements
Verb compounds are not as common as the other two classes. The limited number of verbs
are created either through conversion or through back formation(逆成法).
Verb
compounds
? n
v: brain-wash, gift wrap, handpick
? adv
v : download, cross-question, outeat, outgo, overcharge, overhear, undergo,
upgrade,
withdraw
?
a
v
:
dry-clean,
safeguard,
ill-treat,http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca whitewash
v
v: drop-kick, jump-start ? adv
n: underline, downsize
?
verb compounds are
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formed:
1. through back-formation (逆成法) [Lu p40] eg.
mass-produce from mass production
air-condition
housekeep
windowdress from window-dressing
from air-conditioning
from
baby-sit from baby-sitter
house-keeping
speed-read
from
speed-reading
lip-read from lip-reading
bottle-feed from bottle-feeding 2. through conversion （转类法）
blueprint n.→ v.
→ v.
cold-shoulder n.→v.
machine-gun n.→v.
n.→ v.
honeymoon n.→ v.
chain-smoke
→
court-martial n.→v.
sand-bag n.→v.
nickname n.
footprint n.→v.
outline
3. through analogy (类推法)
chain-drink
half-starve, half-choke → half-turn, half-close, half-rise
double-check →
double-book 4. in colloquial context
She
had
been
cathedral-looking
at
Avignon.
在 阿 维 尼 翁 时 她 到 各
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 教堂去观光了一番。 The
function of verb compounds
Verb compounds are usually used in spoken English and news-reporting
to make the language more vivid; to make the expression more witty; to make the
sentence structure more concise. E.g.:
始像滚雪球般扩大。
The business started to snowball.
生意开
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―…leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefner is a man who chain-drinks
Pepsis.‖
―…这一切事你暂且别管，只要记住一点，那就是休?赫夫纳这个人总是一杯接着一杯喝百事
可乐。‖ They were shipwrecked off the coast of Australia. 他们的船在澳大利亚外海
遇难了。
It‘s better if you handwash them. Dry-cleaning‘s never quite the same, is it?
这些东西用手洗比较好，而干洗的效果就不一样，是吗？
As the officers attempted to handcuff Jackson, Hill came up from behind, killing
Taylor and wounding Bailly.
当这两位警官试图给杰克逊戴上手铐 时，希尔从后面靠近，
杀害了泰勒警官，伤了贝利警官。
4. Conclusion
Compounding is a very productive way of word formation.
Each
constituent
in
a
compound
can
belong
to
any
kind
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caof word class.
The
constituents can be ordered freely.
The constituents in a compound are usually basic words. Analysis of compounds
The relationship between two constituents in a compound varies a lot. Compounds
sharing the same form may have different internal structures.
Exercise: Translate the following compounds into Chinese, and tell the semantic
relations between the two constituents.
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1. oil cake: cake made of oil 油渣饼，豆饼 2. oil field：field where oil is located
3. oil palm: palm producing oil
4. oil lamp: lamp operating on oil
5. oil painting: painting made of paints with an oil base
6. oil gauge: gauge for
measuring oil 油表 1. playback： play backward 2. playboy: a boy who plays a lot
3. playday: a day on which students can play 4. playground: ground where people can
play
5. playwright: a writer who writes play
Lecture 5 derivation / affixation (详见常用词缀)
://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caparDerivation is generally
defined as a word-formation process by which news words are created by adding a prefix,
or suffix, or both, to the base. According to the position affixes occupy in words,
affixation falls into subcategories.
1.
prefixation: adding a prefix to the initial position of a base 2. suffixation:
adding an suffix to the end of a bas Words created in this way are called s. prefixation
types of prefixes
*
①negative prefixes
*
②reversative prefixes(逆反前缀) *
③pejorative prefixes (贬义前缀) *
④prefixes of degree or size
*
⑤prefixes of orientation and attitude *
*
⑦prefixes of time and order *
*
⑨conversion prefixes (转类前缀) *
⑥locative prefixes
⑧number prefixes
⑩miscellaneous prefixes
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1. negative prefixes
This group means ―not, without, opposite to‖
①a-, an- ②dis- ③in-
2.
④ non- ⑤ un-
reversative(
逆
反
的
prefihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caxes
)
This group
means ―reversing the action‖
①de- ② dis- ③ un-
3. Pejorative(贬义的) prefixes
①mal- ② mis-
? arch-:
③ pseudo-
This group means ―badly, bad, wrongly, false‖
4. prefixes of degree or size
―supreme, most‖ ? co: ―jointly‖
? extra-: ―very‖
macro-: ―large‖
? micro-:―vary small‖
out-: ―surpassing‖
? sur-:―over and above‖
极…的
? mini-:
? hyper-:
―little‖
?
?
? ultra-: ―extreme‖超…的，
⑴ under-: ―insufficient, beneath‖
⑵ over-: ―excessive‖ 过分的，过度的
⑶ sub-: ―secondary‖在…下面，次于，分
支 ⑷ super-: ―more than, beyond, very special‖
5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude ①anti-:
--- ―against, opposed to‖
destroying‖
characteristics‘
anti-social, anti-missile,
anti-inflation,
anti-hero,
anti-aging
anti-music
②
--- ―preventing,
---?against
contra-:
contrafactual ③counter-: ―against, in proposition to‖
traditional
―opposite‖
e.g.
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④ pro-: http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca ―for, on the
side of‖pro-American, prodemocracy 6. locative prefixes
① extra-:―outside of‖ extracurricular, extramarital
② fore-: ―front part of‖
③
inter-: ―between‖
foreleg, foreground, forefront
inter-continental, intermarriage, interplay,
④
intra-:―within‖ intra-national, intra-party, intramural
⑤
tele-:
―distant‖
telecommunication,
trans-:―across, from one place to another‖
teleprinter,
telephone
⑥
----trans-Siberian, transplant
----translate, transmit, transform, transcribe 7. prefixes of time and order
① ex-: ―former‖
ex-convict, ex-professor, ex-husband
② fore-: ―before‖
③ post-:―after‖
foreknowledge, foretaste, foreword, forefathers, forethought
post-classical, post-election, postgraduate, posthumous,
postscript, postwar ④ pre-:―before, in advance‖
pre-marital,
pre-industrial,
prejudge
⑤
prewar,
premature,
re-:
back‖recyclehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca,
re-evaluate 8. number prefixes
? multi-, poly-: ―many‖
? hemi-, semi-, demi- : ―half‖
? di-, bi-: ―two‖
? mono-, uni-:
dichotomy, bilateral
―one‖
―again,
renew,
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? tri-: ―three‖
?
tetra-,
penta-:
trinomial, tripartite, trio, trisect, triangle
quadri―five‖
:
―four‖
tetragon,
quadricycle,
quadrilateral
?
Pentagon, pentagram( 五 角 星 形 ) ? hexa-, sex-: ―six‖
hexachord, hexagon, sexagenarian ? hepta-, sept-:―seven‖
? octa-: ―eight‖
octagon ⑴ deca-: ―ten‖
⑵
hecto-: ―hundred‖
kilo-: ―thousand‖
hectogram, hectowatt, hectometer, hectoliter ⑶
kilogram, kilometer 9. conversion prefixes
① a-: can be added to verbs to produce predictive adjectives
eg.
aglow, awash, alive, asleep
② be-: bewail, befriend, begrudge，beloved, bewildered
③ en-, em- : （em- occurs before p, b, m, ） with nouns or adjectives to create
transitive
verbs
ehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cag.
empower, enflame,
embitter 10. miscellaneous prefixes
①
auto- ： ―self‖
autobiography, autosuggestion, autocrat ② neo-:―new‖
neo-Nazi, neo-classicism, neo-Gothic ③ paleo-: ―old‖
④ pan-: ―all, the whole of‖
paleography, paleolithic
pan-European, pan-African ⑤ proto-:―first‖
proto-Germatic, prototype ⑥ vice-: ―deputy‖ vice-admiral, vice-president
Suffixation
Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the
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grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.
1. noun suffixes
2.
adjective suffixes 3.
adverb suffixes 4.
verb suffixes
Noun suffixes
(1) noun→noun suffixes
-eer: ―skilled in, engaged in‖ e.g. profiteer, engineer, auctioneer, mountaineer
-er: ―having as dominant characteristics, denizen of‖
e.g. teenager, glover
-ess
-ette:
-let:
leatherette
unimportant‖
―smallhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca,
e.g. starlet, booklet, droplet -ster ―involved in‖ e.g. trickster,
gangster, songster
-age: ―measure of, process or state‖ e.g. mileage, storage, coverage, -dom: ―state,
condition‖
e.g. martyrdom, officialdom
-ful: -hood: ―state, condition‖
e.g.
adulthood, spinsterhood,
--ing ―the material of‖ e.g. matting, tubing; “activity connected with” e.g.
farming, cricketing -ism “doctrine of, practice of” consumerism, terrorism, ageism
-ery, -ry: -dom:
(2) verb→noun suffix
-ant: assistant, contestant, informant, applicant(占领、参加), coolant， pollutant
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(substance) -er, -or: (persons and nonpersons) photographer, strainer, mixer,
speculator, elevator, escalator, -ent: (person or thing)
descendent
-ee:
(2) verb→noun suffix
shrinkage,
respondent, correspondent,
carriage
action, state, process, result of
-al:
dismissal,
-age: marriage, linkage,
portrayal,
survival
-ance:
pehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1carformance, insurance
-ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion:
realization, addition, protection, commission, decision,
--ence
adherence,
existence, persistence
--ing:
building, wedding, opening, savings, earnings --ment
puzzlement, resentment
assessment,
(3) adjective→noun suffix
-ity: meaning ?state or condition‘
e.g. productivity, intensity, superiority
-ness: ‘state or quality’ e.g. youthfulness, permissiveness, up-to-datedness
2. adjective suffixes
(1) noun→adjective
-ed: pear-shaped, blue-eyed
-ful:
?full of, providing‘ e.g. merciful, graceful, dutiful -ish: Polish; snobbish,
coquettish, sixtyish; plumpish -less: brainless; priceless, timeless (immeasurable)
--like
ladylike, dreamlike -ly:
cowardly; hourly
-y: flowery, smoky, grassy; doggy, biddy (affection) -al, -ial, -ical; -esque; -ic;
-ous, -eious, -ieous
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e.g.
sentimental,
patriotic,
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1casensuous,
marvellous,
anxious (2) veb→adjective
-able.-ble: ?possibility‘ washable ， admirable ， identifiable, convertible,
permissible
3. adverb suffixes
-ly: ?in …manner, to a …degree‘gradually, seriously, scientifically, publicly,
-ward, -wards:
homewards, downward, skyward -wise: percentage-wise, calorie-wise
4. verb suffixes
ate: ?give or make or become‘ e.g. originate, validate,
heighten, strengthen
-en:
dampen, flatten,
-ify, -fy: glorify, solidify, amplify
ize, -se: symbolize, fantasize, visualize, institutionalize
Conclusion：单个词缀的多义性； 两个或两个以上词缀的同义性； 同一个英语词缀往往有
不同的汉语翻译 ；不同的派生词缀构词能力差异很大 （注意：英语中词缀构词能力的强弱
与它的出现频率并不是一回事）；前缀和后缀在语法功能、语义，以及与词根关系的密切程度
上都有不同
?
前缀的作用与副词相仿， 可以表示方式、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念
缀有很强的语法意义，它们都能决定词的语法属性，
与词根的关系不像后缀与词根的关系那样密切
但词汇意义不如前缀明显。 ?
? 后
前缀
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Lecture 6 conversion:
1. What is conversion?
2. Words of differehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cant
word classes formed by conversion 3. Conclusion
I. What is conversion?
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class into another
class, i.e. by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech
in traditional terms. New words are new only in a grammatical sense.
II. Words of different word classes formed by conversion
? ? ?
nouns produced by conversion verbs produced by conversion adjectives produced by
conversion
1. Nouns produced by conversion:
cognates （同源对似词）
v. → n.
(1). to denote the state of mind or sensation love
v. to have strong affection or deep tender feeling for n. warm, kind feeling; fondness
doubt
v. to hesitate to believe n. uncertainty of mind desire
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v. to long for; to wish
n. strong longing; earnest wish smell, hate, taste, want,
(2). to denothttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cae an event
or activity search
v. to examine; to look carefully at n. act of searching laugh
v. to make sounds or movements of the face and body showing amusement n. act of laughing
attempt
v. to try, to make a start at doing something n. effort to do something
hit, release, swim, shut-down(关门歇业，倒闭), teach-in Note：
many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have, take, make, give, etc,
to form phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action eg.
have a look / smoke / swim / try / wash
take a walk / ride / glance / rest
/ shower
相当于汉语里的 ― 动词
一
动词‖ 、― 动词
了一次‖
(3). to refer to the
object of the given verb（p28 Lu） a catch (捕获物，捕获量) a find (发现物)
import (进口商品; the process of importing) a reply (复信，回复)
reject 次品，buy 便宜货，hand-out，answer， bet 赌注 (4). to refer to the subject of
the given verb (p28 Lu)
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help: one who helpshttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca,
cook，flirt，cheat，coach，home help (佣工)，sneak (鬼鬼祟祟的人)，bore （惹人讨
厌的人或物），stand-in，scold 老爱责骂的人
(5). to refer to the tool or instrument to do the action with
eg. a cover (盖子，封面)，a catch （门扣） a wrap (包裹物)，a cure (疗法，药) (6).
to refer to the place of the action
eg. a pass (关口)，a dump (堆垃圾的地方），a divide （分界线），a turn (拐弯处)，a retreat
（避难处） adj. → n。
达到新高度/低点， 公园的恬静，分清是非
full conversion and partial conversion
(1). full conversion: The nouns fully converted possess all the qualities a noun does.
eg. a native, two natives, the native‘s language, a returned native
a white, a communist, a Christian, a Chinese, necessaries, drinkables, valuables Some
participles also can be converted to nouns.
eg. a given 假设，事实, a drunk,
newly-weds
Note: 有些由形容词转化而成的名词已被赋予新义或有新的用法
创举， exclusive 独家报道
?Nouns
（p33 Lu ）
eg. first
(2). partial conversion
partially
converted
fhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1carom adjectives do not
possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with
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definite articles. What‘s more, they retain some of the adjective features. (p31
Lu)
eg. the poor, the young, the wounded, the comparatively rich, the more affluent, the
most corrupt of them all Minor categories: nouns converted form other word classes
（1）form closed-class words to nouns
ifs and buts 借口，托辞，a must 必须做的事，the how and the why 情况和原因 (2)from
affixes to nouns： pros and cons
(3)from phrases to nouns:
the also-rans 竞争中的失败者，ins and outs
2. Verbs produced by conversion
1. noun to verb
Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns in a variety
of ways. (1). to put … in / on
放入或使处于
to pocket the money: to put the money into the pocket
to can the fruit: to
put the fruit into the cans
e.g.
bottle,
garage,
corner
（
逼
到
角
落
，
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca 使走投无路，使落入圈套）,
shelve (2). to give … / to provide with …
the refugees: to give shelter to the refugees
the machine with oil
remove … from
给予，提供
to shelter
to oil the machine: the provide
e.g. butter, grease, arm, finance, coat, fuel (3). to
去掉
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to skin the lamb: to remove the skin from the lamb
to juice the oranges: to remove the juice from the oranges
e.g. core, peel,
feather, gut
(4). to do with …
用…去做、完成
to pump water: to bring water with
a pump
e.g. brake, fiddle 摆弄，修理, finger 触摸, hammer, shoulder, glue，pump 抽水 (5).
to be or act as…
作为，充当，像…那样
to nurse the baby: to be the nurse
for the baby
to captain the team: to act as the captain for the team
e.g. father, parrot, pilot, referee，dog 追踪，wolf 狼吞虎咽
into…
cash
使…成为，把…变成
(6). to make or change
to cash the cheque: to change the cheque into
to http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caorphan
the baby: to make the baby an orphan
widow (7). to send or go by …
to send the letter by mail
e.g. cripple, fool, knight 封为爵士,
用…来寄送，乘…前往
to mail the letter:
to bicycle: to go by bicycle
e.g. helicopter, ship, telegraph, boat, motor
note:
In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain nonaffixal changes which affect
pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution.
(1)voicing of final consonants: The unvoiced fricative consonants /s/, /f/, and /θ/
in some nouns are voiced to /z/,
/v/, and /?/ respectively in the corresponding verb forms
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Noun Verb house /-s/
house /-z/ use /-s/ use /-z/ thief /-f/ thieve /-v/ mouth
/-θ/
mouth /-?/
(2)shift of stress: This stress shift usually occurs in two syllable words. When used
as a noun, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the stress moves
onto
the
second
syllable.
eghttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca.
con‘duct
v.
v.
re‘bel
n.
?desert
?present n.
v.
pre‘sent
?extract n.
?conduct
n.
v.
ex‘tract
n.
de‘sert
?rebel
v.
n.
?permit
per‘mit v. (3)features
Nouns are frequently used as verbs without the change in form. This usage is really
labour-saving, economical and very vivid.
eg.
to elbow one‘s way trough the crowd
to push one‘s way through the crowd with one‘s elbows
a. They now eat better food, live in better houses, and wear better clothes than ever
before. b. They are better fed, better housed, and better clothed than ever before.
Some nouns can be converted into verbs with several different meanings.
eg. to
dust: 除去灰尘；扬起灰尘，（鸟）用沙土洗澡 (2). adj. → verb
Look at the following sentences：
He walked carefully so as not to wet his shoes.
He walkhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caed carefully so a
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not to make his shoes wet.
The photograph yellowed with age.: … became yellow with age.
Two men carrying a wooden keg emptied its contents into the opening. The play was
over and the auditorium began to empty.
The verbs converted are semantically simple, that is, they can be used either
transitively to mean ― to make… …‖ or intransitively to ―to become ….‖
Note: Almost all the converted verb in these two types can be used both as transitive
verb and intransitive verb.
Dry your wet hands. (vt.)
The wet clothes will soon
dry in the sun. (vi.)
3. Adjectives produced by conversion
①noun → adj.
（p21 Lu ）详见课本，这里不再罗列。 ②v. → adj.
give a repeat
performance 再表演一次
③adv → adj.
a very forward young girl 一个很大胆的女孩 ④phrase → adj.
over-the-counter 不需处方可以出售的， out-of-control 失控的，out-of-shape 健康不佳
的 an out-of-the-way hut 偏 僻 的 小 屋； an up-in-the-air feeling 一 种 渺 茫 的 感觉
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1ca
Lecture 7 other ways of word formation
Backformation is considered to It is the method of creating words by examples: Lu
p49 (请自己查阅课本) Notes:
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1. One cannot use backformation to create new words freely
2. One must look up in the dictionary to confirm the existence of the word formed
through backformation
3. This group of words are mainly used in oral English and
in news reporting. shortening /abbreviation (缩略法)
scientific writing and journalistic style.
There are seven types of clippings. Seven types:
--- front clippings 截除词首
? chute ---- from ?parachute‘
? copter
← helicopter，bus
← omnibus，
dozer ←bulldozer ? wig ←periwig 假
发，van ←caravan 大蓬货车, phone ----back clippings
– ad ---- from ?advertisement‘ – demo ---- from ?demonstration‘
– auto，
doc←doctor，lav ←lavatory 盥洗室,mitt ←mitten 连指手套，porn ←pornography 色情
文学, expo
←
exposition
展
览
dihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1casco
memo ←memorandum 备忘录，taxi—taxicab, prof—professional
---front and back clippings
? flu ← from ?influenza‘
? script ← from ?prescription‘处方
会
，
←discotheque,
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? fridge ← from ?refrigerator‘
asst←from ?assistant?
---middle clippings
? bike ← from ?bicycle‘
? the Gents ← from ?public lavatory for men‘ ? maths ← from ?mathematics‘ ?
pacifist←pacificist 和平主义者
---phrase clippings
? jet ← from ?jet-propelled plane‘
? nylons ← from ?stockings made by nylon‘ ? pub ← from ?public house‘
? Three-D ← from ?three-dimensional film or form‘ ? finals←final examinations
?
pop ←pop music
? zoo ←zoological garden 动物园 ? perm ←permanent wave 烫发
---journalist clippings
? H. K. ---- from ?Hong Kong‘ ? Dept ---- from ?department‘
? Cwlth ---- from ?the Commonwealth‘
---back clipping
?
suffix
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1cacomfy
----
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from ?comfortable‘
? hankie / hanky ---- from ?handkerchief‘ ? aggro ---- from ?aggression
o‘
– 有 的截 短词 和原 词同时 存在 ，但 截短 词是通 用的 词， 而原 词却不 常用 ，如 lunch
←luncheon 午餐，movie ←
motion pictures
– 截短词有鲜明文体色彩，多用于口语和非正式场合 exam, trig, maths, lab, prof,
co-educated( 男 女 同 校 的 ) – 截 短 词 有 时 在 拼 写 时 稍 改 动 mike ←microphone, dub
←double(为电影配音) Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words
and pronounced as letters.
? ISBN: International Standard Book Number ? CD: Compact Disk ? E-mail: electric mail
? H – bomb: hydrogen bomb
? IOC, UN, VIP
more examples:
? CPPCC ←national committee of the Chinese People‘s Political Consultative
Conference
? DIY: do it yourself， D.J. ←disc jockey
? FM ←frequency modulation
调频
? ISO ←International Standard
Organization 国际标准化组织 ? PM, UFO, USA, GDP，
GNP
? GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产 总值，GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产
总 值 ? AThttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1caM, AVM, TVM,
CEO, BA, CCTV,
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? PC, CPU, HTTP, IP, USB, LCD ←liquid crystal display 液晶显示屏 1. e. g. ← exampli
gratia 例如
2. et al ←et alii
4. a. m. ←
以及其它等等 3. etc. ←ec cetera
ante meridiem
午前 5. i. d. ←idem
等等
同上 6. i.e. ←id est
即
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.
? AIDS: acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome ? radar: radio detecting and ranging
? TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language
? laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ? dinky←double
income, no kids
? UNESCO: the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization
? NATO
blending 拼缀法
is the way of forming new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part
of another word. words formed in this way are called blends. e.g. brunch, motel, smog
Four major groups: (1) head
tail
://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ded5be5ca39543fcd6e6c1camotel ←
slurb←(slum
head
suburb); chunnel←
tunnel); autocide,
hotel);
telecast
(2)
head
? comsat:通讯卫星
head
(channel
(motor
word
(communication
satellite) ? sitcom: (situation
comedy) (3)
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? medicare: (medical
care) ? Eurasia: (Europe
Asia)
The
? telequiz:
(telephone
quiz)
paratroops, telediagnosis
(4) word
tail
lunarnaut:(lunar
astronaut) bookmobile: book
automobile) workfare: (work
welfare) tourmbile: (tour automobile) More examples：
? autome 流动住宅车←automobile
home ? psywar 心理战←psychological warefare ? meld
熔焊←melt weld
? breathalyse 对 … 做 呼 吸 的 测 醉 分 析 ←breath
analyse ? fantabulous 极 出 色 的
←fantastic fabulous
? blends of different stylistic features
(Lu, p47)
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