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CHAPTER 27
The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
Use the following to answer questions 1-16:
Key Terms
1.
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Suez Canal
New Imperialism
Battle of Omdurmanx
colonialism
“scramble” for Africa
Henry Morton Stanley
King Leopold II
Savorgnam de Brazza
Berlin Conference
Afrikaners
Cecil Rhodes
Asante
Menelik
Emilio Aguinaldo
free-trade imperialism
Panama Canal
What were the political, cultural, and economic reasons for the New Imperialism practiced by the United
States and Europe?
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
18.
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What were some of the technological advances that allowed European nations and the United States to
conquer vast new territories?
Briefly describe the nature and manner of late-nineteenth-century European colonial administration. How
was the cooperation of indigenous peoples important to colonial administration?
Why was the “scramble for Africa” achieved so quickly? How was it accomplished in various stages?
What role did religion play in colonialism and the New Imperialism?
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250
22.
23.
24.
Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
How did the New Imperialism affect Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hawaii? What impact
did the Suez Canal have on imperialism in that region?
Describe imperialism in Latin America from 1869 to 1914. What was “free-trade imperialism”, and how
did it operate? When and why were more direct methods of imperial rule utilized?
.
One purpose of the New Imperialism was to extend the European and U.S. economic spheres into tropical
environments, which supplied products not available in temperate climates. Describe the world economy
and the demand for the products of tropical environments during the New Imperialism.
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
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34.
The original intent of the Suez Canal's opening, as emphasized by Khedive Ismail, was to
Historians use the term New Imperialism to refer to the West's
A) isolationism and parochialism in the late nineteenth century.
B) use of industrial technology to impose its will on the nonindustrial world.
C) policies of preservation of the natural environment.
D) attempt to use propaganda as a tool of empire.
E)
All of these
Although imperialism was not new to Europeans, this period was uniquely characterized by
A) retarded growth and slow development.
B) use of Chinese technology to inspire European innovation.
C) rapid and unprecedented annexations of territory by Western powers.
D) wars of aggression and political assassination.
E)
all of these.
Besides conquering large amounts of territory, the New Imperialism was most significant for
A) creating a global economy of suppliers and consumers.
B) recognizing international cultural diversity.
C) spawning racism within Western society.
D) allowing dependent areas to develop governments.
E)
the educational and health benefits bestowed on the indigenous populations.
The Suez canal inadvertently assisted imperialism by
A) making transit into sub-Saharan Africa easier, creating the scramble for Africa.
B) isolating Egypt from the Ottoman Empire's protection.
C) creating lower shipping costs, stimulating shipping and construction of steamships for those with
overseas trade.
D) setting France and England at war with one another.
E)
making a deal with Egypt to sell out other African nations at the Berlin Conference.
Often colonial territory was seized without the consent of the home government by
A) ex–slave traders motivated to make money on the colony.
B) journalists trying to gather news information in the tropics.
C) scientists doing research in remote regions of Africa and Asia.
D) colonial officers deciding on their claim to a piece of territory.
E)
mercenaries and escaped convicts.
Among the cultural motives for the New Imperialism was a desire to
A) spread Christianity.
B) abolish slavery.
C) “civilize” people of the colonies by bringing them Western education, medicine, and customs.
D) end oppressive treatment of women, like sati.
E)
All of these
The colonies offered job opportunities to European women, who often became
A) wives for indigenous men.
B) missionaries, teachers, and nurses.
C) miners and industrial workers.
D) colonial officers and administrators.
E)
lawyers and doctors.
The power of Western technology convinced many Euro-Americans that
A) Western ideas, customs, and culture were superior to non-Western lifestyles.
B) non-Western ideas, customs, and culture were superior to Western lifestyles.
C) neither culture was superior but could coexist peacefully.
D) the West had a lot to learn from non-Western societies.
E)
as Nietzsche said, God was dead.
The most harmful aspect of the Western sense of cultural superiority was
A) the racist ideas that deemed non-Europeans inferior.
B) the use of biological warfare against the colonies.
C) the creation of a society of poverty and desperation in Asia.
D) the tendency to marginalize non-Western ideas.
E)
all of these.
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251
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
The economic motive for imperialism was that
A) European merchants needed to secure new markets for their goods.
B) European businesses wanted to look for new opportunities in Asia and Africa.
C) industrialization created a high demand for raw materials.
D) Europeans needed to protect their home markets.
E)
All of these
The major technical advantages influencing European dominance were
A) cash and market economics.
B) communications and mobility.
C) numismatics and metallurgy.
D) food preservation and print technology.
E)
e-mail and cell phones.
One of the greatest barriers to the European invasion of inland African territories was
A) the lack of knowledge of the geography.
B) Falciparum malaria.
C) the great African rivers.
D) the great African mountains.
E)
all of these.
A technological advance of the late nineteenth century was
A) the breech-loading rifle.
B) the machine gun.
C) smokeless powder.
D) quinine.
E)
all of these.
The better the European weapons became, the more the ________________ widened.
A) “gun breech”
B) “Maxim gap”
C) “firepower gap”
D) “colonial gap”
E)
“race gap”
The 1898 battle at Omdurman resulted in 11,000 Sudanese deaths, with British deaths totaling
A) 48.
B) 480.
C) 1,480.
D) 4,480.
E)
44,800.
The system of administering and exploiting foreign territories for the benefit of a home country is
A) “benevolent neglect.”
B) “splendid isolation.”
C) “reluctant imperialism.”
D) “colonialism.”
E)
“mercantilism.”
Colonies that were allowed to maintain their own traditional governments with European advisors was
called
A) protectorates.
B) most-favored nations.
C) mandate territories.
D) secondary nations.
E)
joint-stock companies.
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
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The decision to grant colonies "home rule", or the autonomy to elect their own parliaments, usually
depended upon
A) the presence or absence of European settlers.
B) whether or not the colonial nation was Christianized.
C) how valuable their raw materials were for industrialism.
D) whether their home rule candidates could pass the civil service examination.
E)
how strong an army the native population had.
A tactic taken by colonial administrations to gain cooperation of indigenous people was to
A) hire local youths for “modern jobs” within the new colonial government, ensuring loyalty.
B) start a tribal war and then intervene to obtain local cooperation.
C) start a pyramid scheme of profit distribution with local elites if they would induce cooperation with
locals.
D) build hospitals and schools and hope for goodwill.
E)
set a contract for the length of time before indigenous populations could achieve full self-government.
When Western women arrived in the colonies, they created
A) a more relaxed and “homey” atmosphere.
B) a more “civilized” atmosphere as these women insisted on Western daily customs.
C) a more racist and segregated environment.
D) a more open society.
E)
all of these.
Until the 1870s, Africans ruled 90 percent of Africa; however, within a decade
A) they had reclaimed the 10 percent lost in prior years.
B) they had claimed a large portion of South Asia.
C) they had pushed out Islamic fundamentalist groups.
D) they had ended the oppression of the slave trade.
E)
Europeans invaded and divided Africa in the “scramble for Africa.
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254
47.
48.
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
Egyptian modernization brought an accumulation of foreign debt, which caused
A) the government to sell its shares in the Suez Canal to the British.
B) the Ottoman Empire to depose Ismail.
C) Egypt to borrow money from Europeans at high interest rates.
D) none of these.
E)
A, B, and C.
British efforts to increase Egyptian agriculture resulted in
A) the attack on Omdurman.
B) the annexation of large portions of Ethiopia.
C) the construction of the Aswan Dam.
D) a large reduction in cotton production.
E)
the “Wheat Revolt” of 1874.
The French initially planned to open the interior trade of Senegal by
A) building an intricate road system to the coast.
B) widening the Senegal River for shipping.
C) building a canal from the Senegal and Niger Rivers.
D) building a railroad to connect with river traffic.
E)
completing the deforestation of Senegal.
What made Belgian colonialism so different than that of the rest of Europe?
A) King Leopold wanted to open trade with Africa for cocoa to build a monopoly on chocolate, not
industrial materials.
B) King Leopold annexed the Congo as his personal colony, not for the Belgian state.
C) Leopold was more interested in scientific exploration than in economic colonialism.
D) Leopold established a constitutional federation in the Congo River Valley.
E)
Leopold was the first European monarch to travel by gunboat up an African river.
The major decision of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 was that Europeans could
A) not colonize the eastern region of Africa.
B) only colonize Africa by “effective occupation.”
C) not colonize Africa by military means alone.
D) colonize Africa only through individual treaties.
E)
travel freely through any colony.
Europeans controlled equatorial Africa by
A) selling monopolies on resources and trade to private companies.
B) direct governmental rule.
C) controlling native trade at key port cities.
D) offering incentives to local rulers.
E)
granting Africans the rights and privileges of citizenship in the European country.
The companies brutally forced Africans to produce crops or gather resources. The worst abuses occurred
when Africans were forced to
A) mine diamonds.
B) grow tobacco.
C) mine asphalt.
D) mine silver.
E)
gather latex for the rubber boom.
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
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The British wanted to expand to southern Africa because of
A) the marauding Zulu armies.
B) attacks by the Afrikaners.
C) the need for the rich northern farmlands.
D) discoveries of gold and diamonds.
E)
they wanted to beat the Germans there.
Afrikaners were
A) “colored colonials.”
B) descendants of Dutch settlers.
C) Germans opposing the British.
D) allied with Shaka Zulu.
E)
immigrants from Madagascar.
South Africa's 1913 Natives Land Act was intended to
A) forbid Africans from owning land.
B) keep Africans on reservations.
C) keep Afrikaners from starting a new war.
D) stop British financiers from becoming too powerful.
E)
Both A and B
The most successful African resistance against Europeans took place in
A) Ethiopia.
B) the Sudan.
C) South Africa.
D) Mali.
E)
Chad.
The Ethiopian victory over Italy at Adowa was due to
A) the Italians having the worst army in Europe.
B) the Italians bringing the wrong maps with them.
C) the Ethiopians being armed with rifles, machine guns, and artillery.
D) the Ethiopians infecting the Italians with malaria.
E)
the intervention of the Germans.
The Treaty of Wichelle established that
A) the kingdom of Asante had to capitulate to British domination.
B) the emperor of Ethiopia had an arms agreement with Italy.
C) Shaka Zulu was imprisoned in Tanzania.
D) religious tolerance had to be extended equally to Muslims, Christians, and indigenous worshipers in
the Gold Coast.
E)
equatorial Africa was divided between France and Britain.
With the flood of Christian missionaries into Africa, Islam
A) spread even farther than before.
B) stagnated and became less powerful.
C) remained strong only north of the Sahara.
D) spread only in areas resisting Europeans.
E)
was virtually eradicated from Africa.
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256
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
Russians occupied the territory of Kazakhstan because
A) of its copper and tin mines.
B) the agricultural land was being “wasted.”
C) of constant invasions by Kazakhs.
D) of a holy war declared by Tsar Alexander III.
E)
it was a “hot bed” of terrorist activity.
The last independent state in Southeast Asia in the late nineteenth century was
A) Siam.
B) Malaya.
C) Burma.
D) Indochina.
E)
Vietnam.
Southeast Asia had great economic potential because of
A) its fertile soil, constant warmth, and heavy rains.
B) its natural immunity to disease, which the local fruits provided.
C) the presence of an unlimited supply of geothermal energy.
D) the large number of craftsmen and artisans.
E)
all of these.
The major cash crop from Southeast Asia and Indonesia for European benefit was
A) coffee.
B) sugar.
C) manioc.
D) rice.
E)
rubber.
The side effect of the two benefits of colonial rule to Southeast Asia (peace and food) was
A) time to develop a systematic rebellion.
B) assertion of the traditional class system emphasizing classical education.
C) a spread of Buddhism.
D) opium addiction from British attempts to placate unruly natives.
E)
a massive population increase.
The United States annexed Hawaii
A) for strategic reasons.
B) as a valuable supply station for whaling ships.
C) for its many large sugar plantations.
D) to keep pace with European colonialism.
E)
to control the world's supply of breadfruit.
In Southeast Asia, a rising generation of nationalists was inspired by
A) radical anti-Christian factions.
B) Marx's Communist Manifesto.
C) awareness of other nationalist and modernizing movements in India, China, and Japan.
D) movements similar to the “narod” of Russia, as anarchists went into the countryside to foment dissent.
E)
Confucian notions of familial piety and harmony.
Free-trade imperialism in Latin America meant
A) economic dependence instead of direct colonization.
B) that there were no tariffs for goods traded to the United States.
C) that European powers were free to be involved there.
D) a military buildup in Latin American countries.
E)
all of these.
To better exploit the economic potential of Latin America,
A) Euro-American settlers were encouraged to emigrate.
B) extensive railroad systems were built.
C) laborers from India were imported in great numbers.
D) Western countries discouraged emancipation of slaves.
E)
a system of dirigible transport was developed.
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
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Why did Europeans avoid taking formal colonies in Latin America?
A) They were overextended in Africa and Asia.
B) They were deterred by the Monroe Doctrine.
C) Latin American governments were cooperative with the Europeans.
D) Latin Americans proved they could successfully resist invasion.
E)
All of these
The Monroe Doctrine was an attempt by the United States to
A) extend economic capitalism over Latin America.
B) annex new territory and expand slavery.
C) defend the entire Western Hemisphere against outside invasion.
D) ensure the continued flow of West Indian sugar.
E)
annex South America in order to turn it into a part of the United States.
As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States
A) purchased the Philippines.
B) took Puerto Rico.
C) took Guam.
D) interfered heavily in Cuba.
E)
All of these
The Platt Amendment
A) stated that the United States could occupy any Caribbean island.
B) prevented slavery in the West Indies.
C) allowed U.S. investment in former Spanish colonies.
D) gave the United States the right to intervene to maintain “order” in the Caribbean.
E)
All of these
In order to build the Panama Canal, the United States
A) obtained a concession from Colombia.
B) negotiated a lease with the Panamanian government.
C) supported a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia.
D) formed an alliance with France.
E)
All of these
Hevea trees, which were transplanted around the world, produced
A) quinine for malaria.
B) rubber for tires and rainwear.
C) oil for soap and lubricants.
D) cocoa for chocolate.
E)
coffee as a stimulant.
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Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869–1914
Use the following to answer questions 76-80:
Geography Questions
76.
Using Map 27.1, discuss the colonial presence in Africa in 1878 and 1914. Describe the nature of the
“scramble.” How does the map illustrate the New Imperialism?
Page: 776
77.
On Map 27.1, find the only continuously independent African state. How did Ethiopia maintain its
independence? Find Adowa on the map and explain its significance in Ethiopia's independence.
Page: 776
78.
Using Map 27.1, evaluate which European powers obtained the colonial advantage in Africa. Who ended up
with the most territory, and who “lost” in terms of obtaining colonies? Consider these powers and the
subsequent alliances as you look to the roots of world war.
Page: 776
79.
Using Map 27.2, examine the presence of European colonies in Asia in the early twentieth century. Why
were Japan and China not subject to colonization?
Page: 786
80.
Referring to Map 27.3, state which countries had the largest empires in 1913. Discuss the importance of
industry and a merchant marine in acquiring overseas empires. What was the strategic importance of the
Suez Canal?
Page: 792
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