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Adaptations and Classification (Chapter 15 & 17) Test Review Sheet
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1. The founder of modern evolution theory is ________________.
Charles Darwin
2. The process of breeding specific organism to achieve specific traits is called ____________.
Artificial selection
3. The process by which organisms with traits that enable them to survive, reproduce, and pass on
those traits is called ________________.
Natural selection
4. Darwin’s process of natural selection is often summarized as “___________________.”
Survival of the fittest
5. What are the four principles of natural selection?
Overproduction of offspring
Variation
Adaptation
Descent with modification
6. How does overproduction of offspring help in the survival of a species?
More offspring raises the chance that some will survive
7. The development of an ability that is helpful for survival is called ________________.
Adaptation
8. Give an example of an adaptation.
A monkey’s prehensile tail, camouflage, mimicry, etc.
9. What are the five factors that affect genetic variability? How does each work?
•
Genetic Drift - the random change in the frequency of alleles of a population over time.
•
Gene Flow - the movement of genes into or out of a population. This occurs
during the movement of individuals between populations (such as migration)
•
Non-random Mating – Mating among individuals with favorable traits (such as
coloration or odors in plants and animals, competitive strength, courting behaviors)
results in the gene pool of a population that can change over time and a species that can
become increasingly adapted to its environment.
•
Mutations - increase the frequencies and types of allele changes within the
population
•
Natural Selection - allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and thus
be passed on to future generations.
10. How is diversity related to the survival of a species?
Increased diversity leads to increase chance of survival
11. What is genetic equilibrium and who came up with this idea?
When there is no change in allele frequencies in a species – Hardy and Weinberg
12. The change in inherited traits in a species over time is called _______________.
Biological evolution
13. List and define the four categories of evidence for evolution?
Paleontology – study of prehistoric life
Anatomy – study of the structures of organisms
Embryology – study of embryonic development of organisms
Biochemistry – study of the chemical processes of organisms
14. What are fossils and how are they evidence of evolution?
Fossils are the preserved remains of organisms that lived many years ago.
They can be a useful record of information about plants and animals that no longer exist
15. Structures in different species with common evolutionary origin are called _____________ and
can be similar in _____________, ___________ or _____________.
Homologous structures: arrangement, function, or both
16. Why are homologous structures considered evident of evolution?
It would be unlikely for so many animals to have similar structures if they developed
individually
17. Give examples of animals with homologous structures.
The forelimb of the whale, crocodile and bird
18. The study of evolutionary relationships between homologous structures is called ____________.
Comparative anatomy
19. Body parts with similar function but to not have similar ancestry are called ________________.
An example of this is _________________________.
Analogous structures; bird and insect wings
20. Structures that have no function in the organism but may have had a use in an ancestor are called
_______________. Give examples of these structures.
Vestigial structures; our coccyx, blind mole rat eyes, snake pelvis
21. The study of the development of organisms is called _____________.
Comparative embryology
22. The study of the ability of different organisms to synthesize substances is called _____________.
Comparative biochemistry
23. Give an example of the ability of different organisms to produce a similar substance.
All citrus trees can produce citric acid and therefore may have developed
from a common ancestor
24. List, describe and give an example of the 6 patterns of biological evolution.

Gradualism - Gradual changes of a species in over long periods of time
Ex - gradual trend toward larger or smaller body size.

Punctuated Equilibrium - Periods of abrupt changes in a species after long periods of
little change within the species over time
Ex - sudden change in species size or shape due to environmental factors.

Divergent Evolution - a number of different species diverge (split-off) from a common
ancestor. When, over many generations, organisms evolve a variety of characteristics
which allow them to survive in different niches.
Ex - Darwin’s finches

Convergent Evolution - Evolution among different groups of organisms living in similar
environments produce species that are similar in appearance and behavior.
Ex - Rhea, ostrich, emu

Coevolution - when two or more species living in close proximity change in response to
each other. The evolution of one species may affect the evolution of the other.
Ex - Moth and orchid

Extinction - the elimination of a species often occurring when a species cannot adapt to
a change in its environment.
Ex - Tasmanian wolf
25. What does a Phylogenetic Tree display?
The relationship of different organisms believed to have a common ancestor
26. Using the Phylogenetic Tree to the right to describe examples of organisms that are closely
related and those who are not.
(will vary)
Insects and earthworms share a more common ancestor than insects
and sponges.
Snail and earthworm are more closely related than the snail and
coral.
27. What are the three domains into which all life belongs?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
28. List the six kingdoms of life.
Archaeabacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
29. The scientific name for a bobcat is Lynx rufus. What is the bobcat’s genus? What is its species?
Genus – Lynx
Species - rufus
30. A tool for identifying organisms consisting of a series of two part descriptions is called a
___________________.
Dichotomous key
Be able to interpret a phylogenetic tree.
Be able to interpret a dichotomous key.