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Evolution - Speciation in Pollenpeepers Name: ________________Date______ Score _____ /_____ The Honeycreepers are real birds found on the Hawaiian Islands. Notice that there are many different species of Honeycreepers – each adapted to the different habitats on the different Hawaiian Islands. Go to the PBS website: www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/origin/index.html Darwin > An Origin of Species Upon close examination and molecular analysis, what can be determined about the Honeycreepers? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Click on – Explore what Darwin called “the mystery of mysteries.” The Pollenpeepers are a fictitious bird modeled after the Honeycreepers. We are going to explore the adaptive radiation of the Pollenpeepers. What event caused the Pollenpeepers to find themselves in a new environment? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ As we begin to investigate the evolution through time of the Pollenpeepers on their new island homes, consider some important factors that drive evolution. Read the following information carefully and then select the best answers below. Habitat: If the habitat changes or an organism is dropped into a new environment, you can expect evolutionary change. New habitats are ripe with opportunity because they are unoccupied and free for the taking to any species able to use them. Food: Where food sources are diverse and plentiful, species can afford to eat a wide variety of foods. When food availability is reduced, it exerts intense pressure on a population, which collectively must find new food resources. Individuals’ best adapted for utilizing the resources that are available gain an advantage over others in the population. Competition: Competition may lead to divergence. Populations often diverge physically or behaviorally. They can then exist in the same area because they will use different resources. Sometimes, organisms move to a different location to reduce competition. If one of these two things do not happen, the less fit species will die. Predators: Predators place limitations on their prey by restricting their movements and forcing populations to evolve defense strategies. When you take away predation pressures, you eliminate many limitations on how a species can evolve. In the absence of predators, novel traits can develop freely and persist, if they offer advantages to their owners. 1. If the environment changed, organisms in the population would probably a. stay the same b. change 2. If a NEW habitat formed, the population would probably a. stay the same b. increase c. decrease 3. If the amount or type of food decreased how would this affect competition? a. stay the same b. increase c. decrease 4. When two species compete for the same resources, what will probably happen over time to decrease this competitive pressure? a. one species will move to a new location b. the ones that aren’t well adapted will die c. organisms will change d. all the above are true 5. If the number of predators decreased suddenly, how would this effect the prey population? a. it would decrease in number b. it would stay the same c. organisms in the prey population would change/increase THE MAINLAND 5 million years ago 6. At this time, the Pollenpeepers feed primarily on seeds and therefore have beaks that are a. long and straight b. long and curved c. short and wide 4 million years ago 7. What happens to keep competition low during this time? a. one group changed b. some moved c. the peeper range expanded 8. Which of the following accurately describes the NORTH mainland? a. dry and hot with abundant seeds b. dry and hot with lots of insects c. wet and warm with abundant seeds d. wet and lush with lots of insects 9. Which of the following accurately describes the SOUTH mainland? a. dry and hot with abundant seeds b. dry and hot with lots of insects c. wet and warm with abundant seeds d. wet and lush with lots of insects 3 million years ago 10. Which birds have slightly longer beaks and are a little bit redder(look at the pics along the left margin)! a. birds in the North b. birds in the South 2 million years ago 11. How does the habitat of the SOUTH change? a. becomes more dry b. becomes more wet 12. What effect does this have on food resources in the SOUTH (are there any flowers yet)? a. more seeds b. more insects c. more flower nectar 1 million years ago 13. Which peepers group is NOT well suited for the changing environment? a. Windsor island immigrants b. northern birds c. southern birds 14. Grasses (and therefore their seeds) a. decrease in number b. increase in number 15. Which group will become extinct? a. ones with longer, narrower beaks b. ones with shorter, wider beaks WINDSOR ISLAND 5 million years ago 16. In comparison to the mainland, Windsor Island a. receives more rainfall and is therefore more lush b. receives less rainfall and is therefore more dry c. is colder 17. What food source is most plentiful? a. seeds b. flowers c. insects 4 - 2 million years ago 18. At first competition is low, but 4 mya what event occurs that causes an increase in competition? a. the arrival of predators b. the arrival of two new species of finch c. a decrease in food supply 1 million years ago 19. The new immigrants a. have slightly larger, broader beaks b. have a wider wing span c. have green coloration d. have slightly longer, narrower beaks 20. Why is this a good adaptation? a. they can get food easier b. they are better camouflaged c. they can fly away from predators faster 21. What is happening to seed producing grasses during this time? a. increasing b. decreasing 22. How does that effect competition for food sources? a. increases b. decreases Presently 23. There are more Pollenpeepers with a. long, narrow beaks to get insects easier b. short, broad beaks to crack seeds easier 24. From 5 mya to 3 mya, how do the Pollenpeepers change in coloration? a. their heads become more green b. their heads become more red c. their body becomes red NORCROSS ISLAND 5 million years ago 25. Which of the following factors did NOT have an effect on the Pollenpeeper population on Norcross Island? a. competition c. habitat b. food d. predators 26. Norcross Island has two environments a. coastal habitat and a high mountain cloud forest b. coastal habitat and a wet, marshy bog c. desert habitat and a high mountain cloud forest 27. What is the primary food source on this island? a. seeds b. flower c. insect nectar 4 million years ago 28. What caused some of the Pollenpeepers to move inland? a. predators b. competition c. change of environment 3 million years ago 29. The inland population of peepers becomes isolated from the coastal peepers based on a. coloration b. location and habitat c. food source 30. What food source is more abundant inland than on the coast? a. seeds b. flower nectar c. insects d. flower nectar and insects 2 million years ago 31. What physical changes are seen in the birds inland? a. blue coloration c. curved beak b. longer beak d. all of these Presently 32. The new group lives in a. dense forest c. desert b. open meadow d. bog WARWICK ARCHIPELAGO 5 million years ago 33. The North side of the island has a habitat of a. lush and wet with lots of rainfall b. desert-like with little rainfall 34..What is the most abundant food source at this time? a.seeds b. insects c. nectar flowers 35.Predator pressure is a.low b. high 36. Competition pressure is a.low b. high 4 million years ago 37. During this time, which of the following is occurring? a.Predator pressures increase b.coloration changes c. flowers become the dominant food source d. populations grow and spread out 3 million years ago 38. One group becomes geographically isolated a. in the mountains b. on another smaller island of the archipelago c. on the North side of the island d. on the South side of the island 39. Which of the following is true of this new area? a. it is drier and has more seed plants b. it is wetter and cooler with lots of nectar flowers c. it is wetter and warmer and has plentiful insects 2 million years ago Populations diversify rapidly in response to new conditions on each of the islands. Matching. 40. Have beaks specialized for getting insects out of trees, feet and tails allow them to cling to trees while getting insects, dark bodies with white wing patches, males have red head crest. 41. Have short, wide beaks for eating seeds, drab bodies, males have muted reddish breast. 42 .Have short, wide beaks for eating seeds, red/yellow/black coloring. 43. Have longer, narrower beaks to get insects from inside flowers and flower nectar, males have green coloration (look at the feathers). a) Coastal b) Desert c) Lowland Forest d) Alpine Forest 1 million years ago 44. The coastal population and the desert population a. both eat primarily insects b. both eat primarily flowers c. have long, narrow beaks d. differ in terms of coloration 45. The alpine forest and lowland forest Pollenpeepers a. feed primarily on flower nectar b. both have long beaks c. feed primarily on seeds d. are drab in coloration 46. Which of the following is true? a. The lowland forest birds eat mostly beetle larvae and moths. b. The lowland birds are iridescent green. c. The alpine birds become darker with white wing patches and male red. 47. The range of the lowland forest Pollenpeepers shifts upwards towards the range of the alpine forest Pollenpeepers. Which of the following is true? a. the lowland forest and alpine forest peepers interbreed b. climate change causes shrubs from the lowlands to extend into the mountains c. competition decreases between the two groups Presently 48. How many distinct populations (separated by islands) of Pollenpeepers are in the archipelago? a.3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 10 49. How have the alpine birds responded to the competition by the lowland birds? a. developed extremely long, down-curved beaks to get nectar from deep flowers b. become more brightly colored c. beaks became more pointy to catch more insects 50. What food do the lowland peeps eat that the alpine birds do not eat(look at their beaks)? a. seeds b. insects c. nectar