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Ph D Thesis in Environmental Physics / Functional Ecology Ecole Doctorale 304 : Sciences et Environnements Simulation of alternative management practices for perennial plantation adaptation to global changes Main supervisor: Guerric le Maire (UMR ECO & SOLS) - Tel : 04 99 61 21 15 - Fax : 04 99 61 21 19. UMR ECO&SOLS, Supagro-Cirad-INRA-IRD, 2 place Viala - Bât. 12, Montpellier Cedex 2, France, 34060 Second supervisor: Denis Loustau (UMR ISPA, INRA) 06 78 19 73 99 Location : Unit Eco&Sols, Montpellier (G. LeMaire) with prolonged stays (2-5 month) in unit ISPA (Bordeaux, Dr. D. Loustau) and Universities of Sao Paulo (Brazil, Dr G. Lemaire) and McQuarie (Sydney, Australia, Pr B.E. Medlyn and Dr; R. Duursma) Typical Applicant Profile: Master in Functional Ecology, Biogeochemistry, Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics Ecosystem Physiology, Geosciences, Environmental sciences. High Engineer School in Agronomy or Scientific Engineering (Ingénieur grandes Ecoles scientifiques) Ecoles Normales en Biologie ou Physique, Funding Ph D. fellowship co-funded by CIRAD and ANR (project MACCAC). Application .. CV and motivation letter (1.5 pages) including two supervisor references should be sent by email at: [email protected] copy to [email protected] .. Final selection after face-to-face interview to be proposed to applicants selected short list, (skype acceptable). Deadline for application : ...... 1st July, 2014. Start : 1st October 2014 End : 30st September 2017 Key Words : Process model, perennial plantations, adaptation to global changes Abstract. The thesis will be part of the ANR project MACCAC which aims at improving management practices in agroforestry based upon 3D canopy modelling and facing the expected impacts of climate changes. Three case studies are considered: coffee plantation in Costa Rica, maritime Pine forest in South-western France and Eucalyptus short rotations in Brazil as pure stands or mixture. The research subject proposed aims at designing an optimal type of canopy in terms of structure, composition and dynamics for optimizing the sustainable production of ecosystem services and maximizing the adaptive potential of cropping systems to global changes. The proposed approach is essentially based upon process based 3-dimensional modelling the cycles of energy, carbon, water and nitrogen at the ecosystem level, with emphasis on the production of ecosystem services : yield and commercial harvest, climate and hydrological regulations, biodiversity. The research project will rely upon the data obtained from field experiments and long term monitoring sites and will use data from downscaled climate scenarios, soil maps, ground inventories and remote sensing products. Data will be used for e.g. parameterising and calibrating the MAESPA model at the tree and stand levels for the three cases studied. The model will then be used for investigating different options of canopy composition and structure and their effects on canopy microclimate, stand carbon balance, surface energy balance and hydrology under a range of climate scenarios. Supervision committee: Main: Guerric le Maire – (UMR Eco&Sols) Co-supervisor : Denis Loustau – HDR (UMR ISPA) Participants : Olivier Roupsard (UMR Eco & Sols / CATIE), Jean Dauzat (UMR AMAP), Marc Corbeels (UMR AIDA), International partners : R. Duursma & Pr B.E. Medlyn, U. of Western Sydney & Macquarie University NSW Australia 2109. CATIE (Costa-Rica) : Climate scenarios, Agroforestry management operations References Charbonnier, F., le Maire, G., Dreyer, E., Casanoves, F., Christina, M., Dauzat, J., Eitel, J.U.H., Vaast, P., Vierling, L.A., & Roupsard, O. (2013). Competition for light in heterogeneous canopies: Application of MAESTRA to a coffee (Coffea arabica L.) agroforestry system. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 181, 152-169 Duursma, R.A., & Medlyn, B.E. (2012). MAESPA: a model to study interactions between water limitation, environmental drivers and vegetation function at tree and stand levels, with an example application to [CO2] x drought interactions. Geoscientific Model Development, 5, 919-940 Dybzinski, R., Farrior, C., Wolf, A., Reich, P.B., & Pacala, S.W. (2011). Evolutionarily stable strategy carbon allocation to foliage, wood, and fine roots in trees competing for light and nitrogen: an analytically tractable, individual-based model and quantitative comparisons to data. American Naturalist, 177, 153166 Franklin, O., Johansson, J., Dewar, R.C., Dieckmann, U., McMurtrie, R.E., Brännström, Å., & Dybzinski, R. (2012). Modeling carbon allocation in trees: a search for principles. Tree Physiology, 32, 648-666 Hawkins, E., & Sutton, R. (2012). Time of emergence of climate signals. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 Hölttä, T., Mäkinen, H., Nöjd, P., Mäkelä, A., & Nikinmaa, E. (2010). A physiological model of softwood cambial growth. Tree Physiology, 30, 1235-1252 IPCC (2013). IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Available on internet at http://www.ipcc.ch/ King, D.A. (1993). A model analysis of the influence of root and foliage allocation on forest production and competition between trees. Tree Physiology, 12, 119-135 Lacointe, A. (2000). Carbon allocation among tree organs: A review of basic processes and representation in functional-structural tree models. Annals of Forest Science, 57, 521-533 le Maire, G., Nouvellon, Y., Christina, M., Ponzoni, F.J., Gonçalves, J.L.M., Bouillet, J.P., & Laclau, J.P. (2013). Tree and stand light use efficiencies over a full rotation of single- and mixed-species Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 288, 31-42 Loustau, D., A. Bosc, A. Colin, J. Ogee, H. Davi, C. Francois, E. Dufrene, M. Deque, E. Cloppet, D. Arrouays, C. l. Bas, N. Saby, G. Pignard, N. Hamza, A. Granier, N. Breda, P. Ciais, N. Viovy and F. Delage (2005). Modeling climate change effects on the potential production of French plains forests at the sub-regional level. Tree Physiology 25(7): 813-823. Mahlstein, I., Knutti, R., Solomon, S., & Portmann, R.W. (2011). Early onset of significant local warming in low latitude countries. Environmental Research Letters, 6 Marsden, C., Nouvellon, Y., Laclau, J.-P., Corbeels, M., McMurtrie, R.E., Stape, J.L., Epron, D., & le Maire, G. (2013). Modifying the G’DAY process-based model to simulate the spatial variability of Eucalyptus plantation growth on deep tropical soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 301, 112-128 McCarthy, J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., & White, C. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge McMurtrie, R.E., & Dewar, R.C. (2013). New insights into carbon allocation by trees from the hypothesis that annual wood production is maximized. New Phytologist, 199, 981-990 Medlyn, B. (2004). A MAESTRO Retrospective. In M. Mencuccini, J. Moncrieff, K. McNaughton & J. Grace (Eds.), Forests at the Land-Atmosphere Interface: CABI Publishing Sands, P.J., & Landsberg, J.J. (2002). Parameterisation of 3-PG for plantation grown Eucalyptus globulus. Forest Ecology and Management, 163, 273-292 Thornley, J.H.M. (1991). A Transport-resistance Model of Forest Growth and Partitioning. Annals of Botany, 68, 211-226 Williams, M., Law, B.E., Anthoni, P.M., & Unsworth, M.H. (2001). Use of a simulation model and ecosystem flux data to examine carbon-water interactions in ponderosa pine. Tree Physiology, 21, 287-298