Download is that you life because it is only when you understand

Name _______________________________________________________________
Test Date _____________
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
I. WHAT IS “LIFE”?
(pp.16-22, 35-36)
A. Complexity of Life
Biology is the study of __________. To study “life” is to study a subject that is awesomely complex. Our common goal
is that you _________________ life because it is only when you understand that you can truly _________ . . . And as
the wise Mrs. Rice says, “If you _______________, you _______________; when you _____________, you
____________________! ☺
To accomplish this, there are two important keys:
1. Active Listening – Listening is not a passive activity! An active listener
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
2. Responsible Learning – A responsible learner takes care of business; that is, does what he/she needs to do to
truly learn!
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
B. Characteristics of Life
1. Living things are made of _________ . A cell is the ___________________________________________
2. Living things obtain and use _______________. Our ultimate source of energy is the ___________. Plants
can convert the sun’s energy into useable energy in a process called _____________________. The chemical
processes that occur in an organism to convert food to _____________ are known as _____________________.
3. Living things _____________________________________________. Living things react to a
______________________; for example, _________________________________.
4. Living things maintain a _________________ internal environment. This is known as __________________
or ________________________________.
5. Living things ______________________________. Development describes __________________________
that take place during the ___________________________ of an organism.
6. Living things are based on a ________________________________________________ - __________.
7. Living things _______________. If this did not occur, _____________________________
8. As a group, living things ________________; this means, _______________________________________.
C. Hierarchy of Life
1. ____________ - Smallest unit of matter that retains its elemental properties
2. ________________ - Groups of atoms bonded together
3. ___________ - Smallest working unit of life
4. ________________ - Individual living thing; depending on the complexity, an organism may be composed of:
a. ________________ - groups of cells working together
b. _______________ – groups of ____________ working together
c. ______________________ - groups of ______________ working together
5. _________________ - Group of organisms of one _________ in one area
6. _________________ - Different populations that live together in a specific area
7. _________________ - A community and its ___________________________________
8. _________________ - Earth
II. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Organisms are composed of ____________, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is
composed of ___________________, substances that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions.
A. Elements – There are 92 naturally occurring elements, 25 of which are essential to life. Four elements make up
96% of living matter. They are:
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. _________________
B. Atoms – An atom is the smallest unit of ___________ that still retains the properties of that __________. An
atom is composed of the following _________________ particles:
 Protons - ______ charge; located ___________________
 Neutrons - ______ charge; located _____________________
 Electrons - _______ charge; found __________________________
Protons and neutrons are packed together to make up a dense core, the ______________, and they have
approximately the same mass. Thus, the overall charge of the nucleus is ____________. Electrons orbit around
the nucleus at nearly the speed of light. Their mass is so small that they are not used when calculating
___________________. It is the __________________________ that holds an atom together.
C. Atomic Number – This is a number unique to each element that identifies the number of ___________ in its
atoms. An atom is neutral or ________________, therefore the number of __________________ = the
number of __________________.
D. Isotopes – Although all atoms of a given element have the same number of ______________, the number of
______________ may vary. These different forms of an atom are called ________________. An example of
an element that forms isotopes is ______________.
 Carbon-12 → the most common & ___________ form of carbon; has 6 protons and _____ neutrons
 Carbon-13 → ______ protons & ______ neutrons
 Carbon-14 → ______ protons & ______ neutrons
Some isotopes are very unstable or _________________. These isotopes are very useful in ______________
and _______________________.
E. Chemical Bonds & Compounds (pp. 37-38)
Elements combine together in fixed ratios of atoms to form __________________. Compounds are held together
by __________________________. The reactivity of an atom and the type of chemical bond that it forms are
determined by the number of ______________________ it has.
1. Ionic Bond – Weaker bond in which electrons are __________________- that is, one atom _________ an
electron(s) away from the other. Results in 2 oppositely-charged particles called _________ that are
attracted to each other due to the difference in ___________. Examples include ____________________
2. Covalent Bond– Strong chemical bond in which electrons are ______________. Results in a very
stable compound called a ______________________. Examples include ____________________________.
F. Chemical Formula - ____________________ of a compound. Identifies the ___________ of __________
of elements that make up the compound.
 H2SO4 = ____________________________________________________________________
Total number of atoms = _____________
 C6H12O6 = ________________________________________________________________
Total number of atoms = _____________
G. Chemical Equation – Provides the “__________________” for making a compound. The substances that
go into the reaction are known as the ____________________. The substance(s) formed is known as the
________________________.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
 Reactant = ______________________________________
 Product = ______________________________________
III. WATER (pp. 40 – 43)
Water is essential for life. All organisms are composed mostly of water.
A. Polarity
1. Definition of Polarity – Polarity is the unequal ____________________ of ___________________ in molecules
formed with covalent bonds. Water is a molecule with the chemical formula ___________. The atomic number of
hydrogen is _____ and the atomic number of oxygen is ______. This means the O nucleus has 8 _____________
and each H nucleus has ____ ___________. Due to this difference, the _____________ nucleus has a much
stronger positive charge than each hydrogen nucleus. Therefore, the shared ______________-charged electrons
are much more attracted to _____________. Statistically, virtually all ______ electrons are orbiting around the
oxygen end of the molecule just about all the time. Because the oxygen nucleus has _____ protons, this gives the
oxygen end of a water molecule a slight ____________ charge and the two hydrogen ends of the water molecule a
slight _________ charge.
2. Hydrogen “Bonds” - A hydrogen bond is not a true chemical bond because it does not result in the formation of a
new ______________________. This bond is simply an _______________________ between the slightly
positively-charged ______-end of one ________________ molecule and the slightly- _________ charged end of
another polar molecule. In water, hydrogen bonds form between the slightly _____________-charged H-end and
the slightly ______________-charged O end.
3. Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic – Polar molecules are attracted to other _____________ molecules, while non-polar
molecules are attracted to _______________________. Any molecule attracted to water is described as
__________________________; molecules repelled by water are described as _______________________.
B. Properties – Polarity gives water some unique properties important in maintaining _________________
in organisms.
1. Water is "sticky" – Water molecules tend to stick together, called ____________________ and results in
___________________________________. Water molecules also tend to stick to other surfaces –
__________________________. This explains the phenomenon known as _____________________ action.
2. Water is the solvent of life - ______________ ends of water molecules _______________ and
______________________ atoms that make up other compounds, thus dissolving them. Anything dissolved in
water is referred to as a ______________________. Many important compounds in cells are in solution.
3. Water has a high heat of vaporization – Perspiring cools us because it requires ________ to change water from
a liquid to a ____________. When perspiration ________________, the heat required is drawn from our
____________________.
4. Water has a high specific heat – This allows large bodies of water to maintain a stable temperature.
5. Liquid water expands as it freezes – Ice is less dense than water so it floats which ______________ organisms
and _________________________________
IV. THE IMPORTANCE OF CARBON (pp. 44-45)
Although a cell is composed of 70% to 95% ________________, most of the rest consists of carbon-based
compounds. Carbon can form very large, complex molecules called __________________ compounds due
to its number of electrons. Organic molecules important in organisms are called _____________________.
A. Polymers - Most biomolecules are ____________________. The prefix “poly” means __________. A
polymer is a large molecule composed of __________ identical or similar building blocks. The sub-units,
or building block molecules, of a polymer are called ______________.
B. Dehydration Synthesis – Reaction that occurs to _______________________ bond two or more
______________________ together. ______________ is released as a waste product.
C. Classes of Biomolecules:
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
V. CARBOHYDRATES
(p. 45-46)
Carbohydrates are used for immediate and stored _____________ and as a _________________________.
Carbohydrates contain the elements _________, ___________, and ___________. The ratio of _______
atoms to __________ is ______________. In other words, for every ________________ in a carbohydrate,
there is _____________________. There are three groups of carbohydrates:
A. Monosaccharides – “__________ Sugar”. Simplest of all sugars. Although they vary in the number of _______
atoms that make up the molecule, the ratio of __________________ is always present. Monosaccharides are the
building blocks, or __________________, for the more complex carbohydrates.
1. 5-carbon monosaccharides – Examples are _____________ and ___________________.
These two sugars are a main component of ___________ and ____________, respectively.
Glucose
2. 6-carbon monosaccharides – There are three 6-carbon monosaccharides. They all have the same formula,
____________________ and are known as _____________. Isomers have the same chemical formula, but the
__________ are arranged differently giving each molecule different properties.
 Glucose – Preferred ________________________________ for most organisms, including
______________. Found in ______________________________.
 Fructose - ______________________. Found in ____________.
 Galactose – Found in __________
B. Disaccharides - ________ monosaccharides __________________ bonded together
 Sucrose - ______________________. Composed of ___________________________
 Lactose - ______________________. Composed of ___________________________
 Maltose - ______________________. Composed of ___________________________
C. Polysaccharides - _____________ monosaccharides ________________bonded together. They are
divided into two groups based on function divided into two groups based on function
 _______________ Polysaccharides
 _______________ Polysaccharides
1. Storage Polysaccharides – Long __________________ of _________________ broken down as
needed for _______________
 Glycogen – Storage form of _______________ in __________________. In humans, most glycogen is
stored in __________________ and ____________________ cells.
 Starch - Storage form of _________________ in ___________________. Humans are able to break down
starch for energy.
2. Structural Polysaccharides – Used as a ________________________ in many organisms
 Cellulose – Major component of ________________________________. Composed of monomers of
________________. Humans are unable to break the bonds in cellulose; therefore it cannot be used for
_________ but it is still important to our diet as a source of ____________.
 Chitin - Major component of _____________ cell walls and the _________________ of insects and other
arthropods.
VI. LIPIDS
(p. 46-47)
___________________ molecules that are not _________________ in water. Made up of ____, ______, and _______,
but lipids do not have the _______________ ratio found in carbohydrates. Our bodies need lipids for
___________________________________________________. There are 3 important groups:
A. Fats & Oils – Characterized by presence of ________________________________________. Generally referred to
as _________ if lipid is solid at room temperature and an ___________ if lipid is liquid at room temperature. Fats and
oil are classified as _______________ or ________________, depending on the type of covalent bonds in the fatty
acids. ____________________ fats have been linked to heart disease.
B. Phospholipids – Unique lipid because one end of the molecule is _________________, but the other end is
______________. Phospholipids are a part of every living ____________________________.
C. Steroids – An important example of a steroid is ___________________. Cholesterol is found in animal
_____________________ and is also used to synthesize some _______________________.
VII. PROTEINS
(pp. 47-53)
In addition to ______, ______, and ______, proteins contain ________.
A. Monomers
The monomers of proteins are _____________________. There are ______ amino acids that combine together in
different ___________, ______________, and _____________________ to form proteins. All 20 amino acids are
identical, with the exception of a portion called the _________________________. The differences in the 20 amino
acids are due to the differences in the make-up of the R groups.
B. Protein Structure
The shape of a protein is very important to its function. Its shape is determined by interactions between R groups; for
example,
 ___________________ bonds
 ___________________ bonds
 ___________________ bonds
 Van der Waals Forces – Similar in principal to H-bonds; intermolecular attractions between ________________
C. Function
 Structure
 Transport
 ____________________
 Cell Identification & Communication
 ________________________
VIII. NUCLEIC ACIDS
(p. 47)
Nucleic acids are ____________________ composed of ___________________ called _______________.
Nucleotides contain _____, ______, _______, ______, and ________. There are three important members of this
group:
Nucleotide
A. DNA
 Composed of ________ strands of ______________________ ________________-bonded together through
_______________________ _____________________
 Twisted together to form a _____________________________ structure.
 Contains the _____________________; the ________________________________ for a cell.
B. RNA
 ______________ strand of nucleotides
 ____________________ the instructions in DNA.
C. ATP
 Single _____________________________
 Provides usable _________________ for all cells