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EXAM REVIEW
Biology
Jan. 2015
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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List the levels of organization going from a low level of organization to the highest
(atom---->biosphere) and be able to define each level.
What is the difference between a theory and principle?
Know the basic steps of the scientific method and the significance of each.
Given an experimental design be able to identify the independent variable, dependent
variable, control group, & constants. Know the definition of each.
What is the purpose of a control group? What is it missing?
Be familiar with the 7 characteristics of life.
Be comfortable with examining an experiment when given data tables and graphs. IV is
always graphed on the x-axis and the DV on the Y.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Aristotle, contemplator of the “Ladder of Life”, had a 2 kingdom system, plant and animal.
How did he classify plants and animals?
2. Carol von Linnae (Carolus Linnaeus) aka the Father of Taxonomy created his classification
system by grouping organisms based on physical features. Provide 4 or 5 characteristics of
the Bionomial Nomenclature system he developed.
3. Be able to correctly express a scientific name? (Genus species = species)
Felis concolor (note what is capitalized and the entire scientific name is italicized).
4. Today’s modern classification system still relies on the Linnean system but with modern
technologies we can compare organisms by analyzing characteristics we physically can not
see. Investigation includes:
DNA sequences, amino acid sequences of protein and embryonic development. The more
similar DNA or amino acid sequences are between 2 organisms, the more closely related they
are.
5. Know 8 taxons in the proper order:
“Dear King Phillip Came Over From German Soil”.
6. Be familiar with 3 Domains and which Kingdoms go in each Domain. Remember the Domain
is most Inclusive – many organisms fit into this taxon. Moving towards the Genus and
Species, taxons become more exclusive (fewer organisms fit into these groupsBe able to use
a dichotomous key.
7. Be able to recognize organisms of the 6 Kingdoms by key cellular features. Do the cells of an
organism have a nuclei (if not, they are prokaryotic). Do the cells have a cell wall? If so what
is the chemical composition of the cell wall, cellulose? Chitin? Peptidoglycan?
8. Be able to interpret a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree. (see reading given out in class on
these two concepts).
9. Review 4 species concepts from clicker case on the Maggot fly. (see handout given in class
with 18 clicker case questions). Species concepts are Biological, Ecological, Phylogenetic
and Morphological. What is the biological definition of a species?
10. Explain homologous vs. analogous structures.
11. What are vestigial structures?
12. Be able to compare biochemical evidence (DNA or amino acid sequences) between two
separate to describe relationships.
13. Describe basic characteristics of a virus. Give an example of some viruses. (see section
review from textbook)
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BASIC CHEMISTRY
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What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass?
How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?
What is pH? What is the pH scale? Which region on the scale is considered acidic? basic?
Acids release which ions when it dissociates into water? What about when a base
dissociates into water?
What is a buffer?
For the following chemical equation, what are the reactants and what are the products?
light energy
6CO2 + 6H2O ---------------- C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Do ions with a positive charge gain or lose electrons? What about those with a neg. charge?
List the two parts of a solution and give an example of a solution.
Be able to diagram an atom. For example, if given carbon with an atomic mass of 12 and the
atomic number 6, diagram the atom. Be able to diagram an ion; example: a magnesium ion
has an atomic mass 24 and atomic # of 12.
How elements bond to form compounds depends primarily on what factor? Ans: # of valence
electrons – electrons in the outermost energy level
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY INCLUDING ENZYMES
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Organic chemistry is based on the special properties of Carbon. Carbon has theability to
form long chains, branched chains, rings, double rings all which can potentially have double
bonds depending upon the element(s) in which it may interact.
Give examples of mono- di- and polysacchrides.
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
What are the 2 subunits that make up a fat molecule? How many water molecules of water
are produced when 3 fatty acids are bonded to 1 glycerol?
What is the difference between a saturated fat vs. and unsaturated fat? Give examples of
each of these.
Amino acids through dehydration synthesis form _________________.
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for most carbohydrates?
What is an enzyme? What does denaturation mean?
What makes up a nucleotide (3 parts)?
What is cellulose and where can it be found in the plant cell?
What two functional groups do all amino acids contain?
Energy stored in plants is:
Energy stored in the liver and muscles is ___________.
What types of conditions slow down or stop enzymatic reactions?
Create a labeled diagram of an enzymatic reaction using the terms: enzyme, substrate, active
site, enzyme-substrate complex, and final product.
CELL UNIT AND CELLULAR DIVISION
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Give the function of the following organelles: mitochondrion, smooth & rough ER, cell
membrane, ribosome, golgi body, microtubules, chloroplast, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleolus
Create a cell diagram and label each part.
What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Give examples of ea.
List differences between plant and animal cells?
Distinguish the difference between osmosis and diffusion and diffusion & facilitated diffusion.
Distinguish the difference between plasmolysis and turgor pressure for plant cells
What about crenation and cytolysis for animal cells?
Discuss active transport. How is it different from facilitated diffusion and osmosis?
List the 3 parts of the cell theory and the 3 scientists involved with the formation of the theory.
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
Distinguish the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic, explaining the
direction water moves when cells are placed in each of the three environments.
Be familiar with the cell cycle: What happens in the G1, G2 and S phases of the cycle?
Describe the major characteristics of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
What is cytokinesis? What is the difference between plant and animal cytokinesis?
What are the 4 major differences between mitosis and meiosis?
What is a gamete? How are they formed? What is a zygote? How is it formed?