Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Colonial Period Evanglelism Preaching to non-Christian Indentured Servitude Laborer under contract of employer for set time Joint-Stock Company Partnership formed by shareholders Mercantilism National policy to attain favorable trade balance Middle Passage Forced move of African people from Africa to New World Proprietary colony Private land owner retain rights equal to that of a state Royal Colony A colony ruled directly by monarch Salutary Neglect British policy of avoiding enforcement of laws Tariffs A tax levied on imports for protection or revenue Bacon’s Rebellion He demands aggressive Native American policy Great Awakening Revival in response to watering down of religion Queen Anne’s war Spanish maintain Florida/British get Acadia/expel Cajuns Great Migration African Americans from the South to the urban North King Philip’s War Conflict between New England Indians and Colonists King William’s War Began with attacks by France on England frontier settlements Pequot War Causes elimination of Peqout as a viable polity Salem Witchcraft Trails Innocents being accused and convicted on bad evidence The Starving time The winter of 1609-10 in Jamestown Stono Uprising Largest slave uprising in the Colonies before Revolution Absolutists Belief in absolute standards beyond questioning Congregationalists Churches descended from Puritans Jonathan Edwards Hard-core preacher of the First Great Awakening Benjamin Franklin A famous figure of the American Enlightenment Anne Hutchinson Religious dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Pilgrims Fled England and then Netherlands in 1620 Pocahontas Woman who married John Rolfe/became London celebrity Powhatan First Indians encountered in Virginia Puritans Seeking purity/rejected Reformation Sir Walter Raleigh English explorer of South America/countered the Spanish Separatists Preferred to separate from the Church of England John Smith Helped establish first permanent English colony George Whitefield Great Awakening preacher-inspirational Roger Williams English clergyman and colonist/expelled as critic Charter Colony Private enterprise colonies under charters from crown The Chesapeake Virginia, Maryland, and perhaps Delaware Jamestown First permanent English settlement in North America The lower South Carolina (splits into North and South) and Georgia Massachusetts Bay colony English settlement centered around today’s Boston Middle colonies New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware New England Connecticutt, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire Dominion of New England English union to protect against French Fundamental orders of Connecticut First “Constitution” set up to govern area towns. Halfway Covenant Partial church membership for church member’s kids Maryland Toleration Act Demand of religious tolerance (for Catholics) Mayflower Compact First governing document by Puritans Navigation Acts Restrained use of foreign shipping/leads to Revolution Revolutionary Era Adam’s “midnight Appointments” Adams’s court appointments to strengthen federalists Marbury v. Madison Establishes precedent of Judicial Review Second Continental Congress Adopted Articles of Confederation Sons of Liberty Secret and then open dissent against Loyalists/British Tripoli War Naval presence to defend against Barbary pirates Thomas Paine His Common Sense advocated separation from Britain Thomas Jefferson Limited federal government, but got Louisiana Purchase Citizen Edmond Genet Diplomat who seeks US assistance vs. Britain Albany plan of Union Franklin’s plan to unify against French Alien and Sedition acts To suppress press to protect vs Quasi War vs France George III Lost colonies/potential Mental illness First Continental Congress Formed in response to Intolerable Acts-boycott Committees of Correspondence Create local parties vs British grievances Whiskey Rebellion Federal army threat reflects power/unlike Shay’s Articles of Confederation Power to individual colonies/couldn’t raise money Bill of Rights Compromise 10 to appease Anti-federalists XZY affair French disrespect after ship seizure causes anger British Proclamation of 1763 British say, don’t settle beyond Appalacians John Adams Defended British after Boston Massacre/Alien/Sedition Acts Undeclared naval war with France Defend U.S. merchant ships-prompted by XYZ First Bank of the United States Established by Federalists for national issues Shay’s Rebellion Lack of federal response spurs Constitution Franco-American Alliance Franklin-formed alliance against British Valley Forge From disorder Marshall saw need for strong federalism Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson accuses King George III Declaratory Act After repealing Stamp Act, British reassert power King George’s War British jostle for power vs. Indians, French, Spanish Intolerable Acts In response to Boston Tea Party/closed port of Boston Jay Treaty British withdraw from posts after war/trade increased Treaty of Paris British recognizes American Independence French and Indian war French and Indians vs. Colonists and British Federalist Papers Madison, Jay, Hamilton promote Constitution ratification Interchangeable Parts Parts of device to fit into another of same type Washington’s Farwell Address Warns against political parties/foreign alliances Land Ordinance of 1785 Raise money by land sale/36 square mile townships Judiciary Act of 1789 Establishes judiciary/Anti-federalists feared power Boston Massacre British kill 5 colonists during Boston occupation Townshend Acts 1766-taxes on many items/profits to pay for British governors Northwest Ordinance of 1787 N.W. Territory/vision for acquiring new states Boston Tea Party Americans destroy tea crates at Harbor Stamp Act and Stamp Act congress First British tax for revenue/protest from Colonists Stamp and Quartering Acts Colonists had to pay for quartering of troops Sugar and Currency Acts British assume control of currency Pinckney’s Treaty Spain allows US navigation on Mississippi Virginia and Kentucky resolutions Jefferson advocates Alien Acts to be nullified Constitutional Convention of 1787 Initially just to amend Articles of Confederation British burn Washington, D.C. Psychological blow during War of 1812 Chesapeake Affair British attack and board American ship Nonintercourse act, Force act, Macon’s bill #2 Attempt to prevent ship seizure/cause of War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans 1815-Andrew Jackson/final battle of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Ends War of 1812-restores pre-war conditions Embargo Act To punish British for impressments of U.S. ships Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek 1811-defeat of Tecumseh spurs popularity Pre-Civil War Lowell system Young women to streamline efficiency/working conditions Webster-Ashburton Treaty Establishes Maine/Britain border/prevents slave trade Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo US gets over one million square miles for $15 million Monroe Doctrine No European interference in New World Oregon Treaty Polk sets boundary with Britain/jointly owned since 1818 Independent Treasury Act Funds stay in U.S. Treasury to curb over-speculation Charles River Bridge v. Georgia Owners are against new bridge and lose Erie Canal Built with state funds-reason North won Civil War? Workingmen’s party First labor union-promoted free education Whig Party Formed in response to Jackson/federals supports expansion Rush-Bagot Agreement British take forts out/better relations since War of 1812 Martin Van Buren Built up Democratic party-Aroostock War Shakers Protestant religious sect/men and women separate Franklin Pierce Gadsden Purchase/Ostend Manifesto/Kan-Neb Act James Monroe Missouri Compromise/Florida acquisition/Monroe Doctrine Mormon Church Joseph Smith/to Utah under Young for isolation William Henry Harrison Died quickly in office/Indian war hero Robert Fulton Engineer/inventor of steamboat/designed 1st sub Emerson and Thoreau Transcendentalists-past limits of rationalism Millard Fillmore Supported 1850 Compromise/Perry’s Japan trade James Buchanan Tried to appease in order to prevent war Adams-Onis Treaty Got Florida/solidified border to Rockies and Pacific Ocean Susan B. Anthony Fought for women’s suffrage with Stanton Antimasonic Party Fear of secretive Masons gaining power John Quincy Adams Appointed Clay as Secr. of State-corrupt bargain Trail of Tears Cherokees removed from Georgia South Carolina Exposition and ProtestCalhoun’s vs Tariff of Abominatiions Reform Movements Insane (Dix) Women’s Rights, Education (Mann) Protective Tariff To raise import taxes and protect US industry Seneca Falls Convention Stanton/Anthony for women’s suffrage Maysville Road Veto Jackson vs federal funds for projects Horace Mann Education reformer/discouraged rote learning Mexican-American war Conquest war of one million square miles Indian Removal Jackson to remove Indians West of the Mississippi German and Irish immigration Main sources in early-mid 1800’s Gold Rush in California Around S. America, through Panama, over Oregon Trail Hartford Convention New England Federalist secession plan “Era of Good Feelings” Partisan politics was abated McCulloch v. Maryland Federalist win/Maryland can’t resist 2nd US Bank Gibbons v. Ogden Federal govt. can regulate interstate trade Compromise Tariff Clay lowers tariffs to appease Calhoun’s SC Cumberland Road Federally funded road from Potomac to Ohio River James Polk Aggressive with Mexican War and Oregon Territory Know-Nothing Party Anti-immigrant party-fear of Irish Elizabeth Cady Stanton Organized 1848 Seneca Falls for women’s suffrage Zachary Taylor Soldier in Indian/Mexican Wars-1850 Compromise Utopian Communities Creates isolation and “perfect” communities Transatlantic cable Rapid telegraph communication between Europe/US Assembly line Interchangeable to streamline efficiency Clipper Ships Fast multiple-masted for sailing Second Bank of the United States To stabilize currency/deposit federal funds Civil War/Reconstruction/Westward Movement Wilmot Proviso No slavery in territory from Mexican War John Brown Radical abolitionist in Bleeding Kansas/Harper’s Ferry American Antislavery Society Garrison and Douglass leaders/become Liberty Party Free-Soil party Against slavery expansion-absorbed by Republicans Tallmadge Amendment Proposed amendment to prevent slavery in Missouri Nat Turner Armed uprising-killed 57 whites before being hanged Lincoln-Douglas Debate Free soil vs. popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine Douglass is for territory voting-popular sovereignty Dred Scott v. Sanford Slaves could never be citizens-must return slaves “Bleeding Kansas” Conflict between free staters-anti-slavery border ruffians Missouri Compromise Missouri slave/Maine Free/no slavery north of 36/30 line Ostend Manifesto Indicated US interest in Cuba/protested by Free Soilers Fugitive Slave Act 1850-increases Northern fear of Southern Slaveocracy Uncle Tom’s Cabin published Stowe reinforces Southern stereotypes of North Liberty Party From American Anti-Slavery Society/Republicans absorb it Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854 Popular sovereignty/repeals 1820 compromise Republican Party Free Soil/Free Labor/Free Speech/Free Land Union Pacific joined/ transcontinental line Irish from East-Chinese from West were key Morrill Land Grant Act Allows creation of land grant college Trent Affair U.S intercepts Confederates on British ships, releases sailors Standard Oil Produce and refine and market oil/Rockefeller Emancipation Proclamation Follows Antietam-slaves free in seceded states Confiscation Act Permitted seizure of any slave used by Confederacy Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal treatment in public facilities Command of the Army Act Defends Confederacy-lacked central control Compromise of 1850 Clay’s-California’s free, but Fugitive Slaves returned Compromise of 1877 Republican Hayes as Pres with troop removal from South Military Reconstruction Act South divided into 5 districts with Congress Reconstruction Black codes Southern states restrict civil rights/backlash to Congress Confederate States of America Need federal government power but rebelled Brooklyn Bridge Over a mile connecting Brooklyn and Manhattan “Boss” Tweed Leader of New York Tammany Hall/support immigrants National Labor Union First labor union/favored arbitration over strikes Abraham Lincoln Made necessary compromises during Civil War Ku Klux Klan Initially for white supremacy/cropped up in ‘20’s Chester Arthur Passed Pendleton Act vs patronage after Garfield death Homestead Act 160 acres of land/improve land within 5 years Lincoln’s Proclamation of amnesty and Reconstruction Wartime pardon to those loyal to union Seventh Day Adventist Church Trinity and scripture infallibility/Saturday=Sabath Tenure of Office Act Radical Republicans demand approval of President’s cabinet Andrew Johnson “Forgive” South and opposed Radical reconstruction Rutherford B. Hayes Won in controversial election/ended Reconstruction Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce 1877 flight and fight from US army/tribe saved L&Clark Bradwell v. Illinois Allowed for job discrimination vs. women Civil Service Commission Enforced Pendleton Act vs patronage after Garfield death Elizabeth Blackwell First female doctor/for abolition and women’s rights South Carolina Ordinance of notification Secession upon nomination of Lincoln Sioux Wars Most organized resistance in Northern plains to US Amnesty Act Voting/office-holding restrictions from ex-Confederates Sherman’s March through Georgia Total war-lays farms/cities in South in ruins Freedmen’s Bureau First welfare agency/help transition from slavery Seward Purchase of Alaska Ridiculed as “Seward’s icebox”-1.9 cents per acre The Grange Movement Farmers protest against railroad monopolies Ulysses S. Grant Tried to shut down KKK/administration laden with scandals Women’s Christian Temperance Union Women concerned with alcohol’s impact on family Wade-Davis Bill Rad Republicans demand majority loyalty oath/Lincoln vetoes National Woman’s Suffrage Association Founded by Stanton and Anthony-for women’s suffrage Greenback Party In favor of government-controlled paper money supply 13th 14th 15th Amendments End slavery/citizen rights/black suffrage Turn of Century-WWI Yellow Journalism Emphasis on scandals/Hearst to drum up war support Wabash case States can’t prevent railroad laws/to Interstate Commerce Act United States v. Knight Co. Limits government control of monopolies Rough Riders TR leads volunteers up San Juan Hill in Cuba Populist Party/platform Stemmed from Farmer’s Alliances-anti-gold standard Booker T. Washington Born as slave/education avenue for success/dinner with TR Joseph Pulitzer Linked with yellow journalism/prizes start in 1917 Queen Lilliuokalani/Hawaii Monarch manipulated to abdicate throne/Hawaii in US Temperance society Women concerned with lost money/domestic violence Fredrick Jackson Turner Thesis asserted power of frontier in our character William McKinley Trickle down econ/imperialism with Spanish American War Knights of Labor Started Labor Day-lofty goals to level out wealth William Randolph Hearst Got Spanish American War fever up/yellow journalism Benjamin Harrison High tariff and federal spending Samuel Gompers Founded AFL-pragmatism for workers over political goals Coxey’s Army Unemployed march to D.C. to protest/Wants govt help Eugene V. Debs Pullman Strike in jail/Socialist founder of Ind World Workers James Garfield Killed by man mad at not getting job/spawns Pendleton Act Jones Act Act moving the Philippines towards independence Thomas A. Edison Invented light bulb and phonograph-over 1,000 inventions William Jennings Bryan 4 time runner-up/Pro silver/goes after Scopes in Monkey trial Alfred Thayer Mahan Advocated naval power/prompted build-ups before WWI U.S.S. Maine Blow-up prompted U.S. involvement to remove Spanish Pullman Strike Debs gets arrested and becomes socialist from prison Wilson-Gorman Tariff Lowered tariffs from 1890-proposed 2% income tax American Federation of Labor Gompers-non-political-focus on pay/job control American Protective Association Anti-Catholic/Orange Order from Ireland/2.5 million Spanish-American war US occupy Philippines and liberation of Cuba from Spain Open Door Policy All countries have equal chance to trade with China Pendleton Act Establishes Civil Service Commission against patronage Sherman Antitrust act To restrain monopolies/used vs.unions Sherman Silver Purchase Act More silver for govt/retracted in 1893 depression to save gold Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire Death of workers ignites movement for fairness to workers Bland-Allison act Temporary victory for silver to inflate currency/not enforced Standard Oil Co. v. United States Standard Oil found to be guilty of monopolizing oil Gentlemen’s Agreement Only professional men to US/US agrees not to segregate Fisk-Gould scandal Attempt to corner the gold market Interstate Commerce Act Federal government regulates interstate trade for fair rates Northern Securities Co v. United States Vouched against stockholders who were funding a monopoly Credit Mobilier scandal With transcontinental railroad/Congressmen get cheap shares “Cross of Gold” speech Bryan to make silver the money standard U.S. Steel Corporation Morgan combines Carnegie’s Steel industry with others Boxer Rebellion Chinese rebellion against foreign influence The Philippines America kicked Spanish out (1898) and then occupies Tin Pan Alley Music in early 1900 New York/generally played the blues Clayton Antitrust act Enforces Sherman Anti-trust Act but protects unions/farmers Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam Territories occupied during Spanish American War McKinley Tariff Supported high tariff to protect American industries Filipino insurrection Rebellion against American occupation Haymarket Square riot “Anarchists”/labor fight police in Chicago-black eye on labor Pure food and Drug act Government to inspect food-Sinclair’s The Jungle Roosevelt Corollary TR asserts that US can intervene in Latin America Platt Amendment US to get out of Cuba after Spanish American War Plessy v. Ferguson Louisiana/Separate but Equal/Plessy was 7/8 white Panama Canal TR pushed for it/connects Atlantic and Pacific Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle-anarchist and socialist William Howard Taft Pinchot-Ballinger scandal/strong on trusts?/also S.C. Justice Theodore Roosevelt Fair deal between labor-business/conservation/aggressive Volstead Act Allows for passage of 18th Amendment of prohibition Homestead Strike Strike at Carnegie steel plant/Pinkertons agents break it up Joe Hill Radical labor leader-member of IWW-martyred after death Muckrakers Writers exposing society’s inequalities and problems NAACP WEB DuBois-National Association Advance Colored People Progressive From Populist party-sought fairness for all in domestic issues The Urban League Gave structural framework for civil rights 16th Amendment Allows income tax /advocated by Populists, then progressives 17th Amendment Allows Senate popular vote/previously by state legislatures 18th Amendment Prohibition of alcohol/created underworld of crime Woodrow Wilson Set up Federal Reserve/tried to keep us out of WWI Woman’s Trade Union League Organized to help women’s rights-working in sweat shops Federal Trade Commission Act Pushed by Progressives to ensure fair trade Meat Inspection Act Secr. of Agriculture regulates food safety-The Jungle Fourteen Points Gave moral authority to Allies/caused Germany to surrender Zimmerman telegram From Germany to Mexico for alliance vs. US/gets US in war “Peace without Victory” Wilson’s-treaty for long-term peace and not revenge Triple Entente Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia for protection Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy for self-protection U-Boats Germans to block supplies coming to the Allies from US Lusitania Sunk by German U-boats/128 US killed/gets US closer to war Russo-Japanese war Conflict over Manchuria and Korea/TR negotiated peace Ashcan School Realistic art movement showing tough lives of the poor Jacob Riis Exposed tough tenement life in “How the Other Half Lives” National Municipal League Momentum from 1893 Panic-vs city govt corruption Federal Reserve Act Central bank to regulate interest rates/moderate economy The Wright Brothers Invent and build first airplane-N. Carolina bike shop World War I France/GB/Russia/US vs. Germany/Austria Hungary/Ottoman Bolsheviks Marxist believers establish communism/Soviet Union Archduke Ferdinand Heir to Austria Hungary throne-assassination prompts WWI Submarine warfare WWI-WWII waged by Germany vs. American help to Allies National War Labor Board Intended to mediate disputes between labor/business Treaty of Versailles Requires Germany to disarm/pay war reparations Sedition Act Forbids language offensive to the US or the flag Selective Service Act Allows for the draft prior to World Wars Espionage Act Crime to make law interfering with Armed Forces-WWI Abrams v. United States Made in a criminal act to criticize the U.S. Schenck v. United States Supreme Court not to protect insubordinate talk in war 1920’s-WWII Atomic bomb First tested in Almogordo, N.M./on Hiroshima/Nagasaki Axis Alliance Italy/Germany/Japan alliance-(Rome/Berlin/Tokyo) Harlem Renaissance Flowering of black cultural and intellectual movement New Deal FDR’s relief/recovery/reform from Great Depression Prohibition 18th-21st amendments/1/3 less overall alcohol/gangster era Radio More widespread in 1920’s-allows FDR’s Fireside Chats Bonus Expeditionary Force 17,000 WWI vets demand benefits-not ‘till 1945? D-Day Allied invasion of Normandy/Omaha Beach brutal at start Japanese American Internment Japanese interned during WWII/apology in ‘88 plus $20,000 The Jazz Singer First full-length motion picture with talking sequences Scopes Monkey trail Creation vs. evolution in classroom/Bryan vs. Darrow Stock Market Crash Massive drop creates Great Depression World War II Japan/Germany/Italy vs. US/Britain/France/Russia Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Organized by Huey Long-industrial unions Calvin Coolidge Laissez-faire-big business over labor-Boston Police Strike F. Scott Fitzgerald Wrote Great Gatsby during the ‘20’s Henry Ford Assembly lines-founded Motor Company-1920’s prosperity Marcus Garvey Separatism, not assimilation during 1920’s-back to Africa Warren G. Harding Teapot Dome Scandal/laissez faire/jovial but incompetent Ernest Hemingway Stoic males good under pressure-saw Spanish Civil War Adolph Hitler Becomes chancellor in 1933 and leads Nazi party Herbert Hoover Conserved during WWI-lack of action-blamed for Depression International Workers of the World Objective to unite all workers-(IWW)-called Wobblies Sinclair Lewis Critical of US capitalism/progressive on working women Charles Lindbergh Spirit of St. Louis from NY to Paris/baby kidnapped/isolationist General Douglas MacArthur WWII Pacific theater general/fired by Truman after-Korea Benito Moussolini Fascist Prime Minister-nationalism/corporatism/militarism Franklin Delano Roosevelt New Deal during Great Depression and WWII Sacco and Vanzetti Executed on prejudice vs anarchists, draft dodgers, & Italians Margaret Sanger Fought for birth control for women-coined name birth control Hideki Tojo Prime minister of Japan during WWII/sentenced to death Camp David Retreat-Accords help relations between Israel/Egypt Hiroshima August 6-Little Boy dropped here-140,000 killed Los Alamos Site for Manhattan Project to establish nuclear bomb Nagasaki August 15-Fat Man-prompted Japanese surrender Pearl Harbor 80% vs. war before/now war declaration fastest bill to go 19th Amendment Women suffrage-already in some states (Wyoming-Utah) 21st Amendment Repeal of 18th amendment/end of prohibition Agricultural Adjustment Act Subsidize farmers to not farm land and reduce surplus Civilian Conservation Corps Designed to provide people with jobs Emergency Banking Relief bill Bank Holiday-FDR closes banks for record check Emergency Quota Act Limits immigration from Europe, especially S and E Europe Fair Labor Standards Act Allows for payment of overtime/minimum wage Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Money up is ensured-stimulates confidence Federal Emergency Relief Act First New Deal Program-provide $20 million in direct aid Fordney McCumber Act Raise tariffs/reflects isolationism/protect domestic industry Glass-Steagall Banking act Sets up FDIC and separates banks into specific types Good Neighbor Policy FDR to Latin America-pledge to be less invasive in politics Hawley-Smoot Tariff Raise in tariffs diminishes trade, worsening Great Depression Kellogg-Briand Pact French and US seek to renunciate war from being an option Korematsu v. United States US had authority to put Japanese into concentration camps Lend Lease Act Lent $50 billion to help allies in War Munich Agreement Permitted Germany to annex Sudetenland of/appeasement National Industrial Recovery Act President can regulate business-control prices if necessary Nazi-Soviet Pact Pact between USSR and Germany/violated by Hitler in 1941 Neutrality Act Isolated from Europe-Washington warned-stay alliances Reconstruction Finance Corporation Hoover gave $2 billion in state aid and loans to businesses Schecter v. United States Struck down program/FDR vs. Supreme Court Securities Exchange Commission Regulates security laws and stock market Social Security Administration Intended to pay for pensions for elderly Tennessee Valley Authority New Deal program to provide flood control/electricity Tripartite Pact Alliance of Japan, Italy, and Germany “Voice of America” Intended to give news to soldiers during WWII-outside US Wagner Act/ National Labor relations Act Allows for unions to form and collectively bargain Washington Naval Conference Intended to disarm all nations and prevent future wars Works Progress Administration Largest New Deal Agency-8 million employed from this Cold War-present Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) Froze the number of nuclear missile launchers Taft-Harley Act Restricts union power/Congress overrides Truman’s veto Domino Theory Fear that if one country fell to communism, others would Joseph McCarthy Communist witch hunt-went too far when he went after Army NASA In response to Sputnik-aerospace research Organization of American States Formed in 1948 to keep communism from New World Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counties Alliance in response to US support of Israel?-set prices on oil Dwight D. Eisenhower Space race/interstate highway act/escalated Cold War Harry S. Truman Taft Hartley bill passes over veto/contain communism National Organization for Women (NOW) Sought to make equal opportunity in employment Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Leftist student activist group United Nations Replaces league of nations for communication to avoid war Earl Warren Chief Justice improved civil rights/police procedure Alger Hiss Accused of being a spy in post WWII hysteria-guilt uncertain Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Executed as communists and sending nuke secrets to USSR Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP) Involved in getting hush funds set up and Watergate-corrupt Ronald Reagan Tax cuts/deregulation/increase military spending Potsdam Truman and Stalin-set boundaries/Truman gave in too much? Three Mile Island Nuclear accident/led to reduction on nuke energy/big cleanup Free Speech Movement, Berkley 1st campus protest for academic freedom/freedom of speech Gerald Ford Pardoned Nixon/Helsinke Accords move to USSR negotiation Bay of Pigs U.S. plan to root out Castro using Cubans-humiliating for U.S. Richard Nixon First pres to resign-Watergate/Social Security increase North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Formed as a counterweight to soviet armies Sandra Day O’Connor First woman on Supreme Court-moderate conservative Berlin Wall Prevents East Germans from going West/125-200 killed Betty Freidan 2nd Feminist Rev./Feminist Mystique vs stifling women roles James Meredith First black student at the University of Mississippi House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Anti-communist group/not McCarthy’s/Alger Hiss Watergate Election-break-in at Democratic Headquarters-Nixon resigns Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Designed to prevent communism spread in Southeast Asia Southern Christian Leadership Conference 50’s and 60’s-moderate Civil Rights group-Martin Luther King Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC Stokeley Carmichael the leader-Black Power Containment Prevent communism’s spread-based upon Domino theory Yalta Stalin (cushion) Churchill (Europe Freedom) Roos (Jap) Atlantic Charter Agreement-Churchill/FDR to prevent future war after WWII Federal Highway Act $25 billion for 40,000 miles of highways Full Employment Act Government’s responsibility to regulate the economy Lyndon Johnson War on Poverty/Racism/Medicare/Nam escalation John F. Kennedy Bay of Pigs/Space Race/Cuban Missile Crisis Robert Kennedy JFK’s Attorney General-Civil Rights-candidate in ’68 but killed Martin Luther King Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference-1957-moderate Henry Kissinger Key diplomat for Nixon-detante-diplomacy with USSR Nikita Khruschev After Stalin-Cuba Missile Crisis-more diplomatic/humane Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam In response to firing on ships, Congress empowers president Sputnik Soviet satellite to orbit earth-in response NASA/AP tests Marshall Plan $12 billion to revitalize Europe/Martial plan to USSR National Defense Act Official creation of U.S. Air Force National Security Council Set up by National Security Act-part of executive office Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) Provided education and home loans for returning soldiers Freedom Rides Integrated buses as test cases vs segregation between states Warsaw Pact USSR response to NATO to insulate their power Urban Riots Civil Rights riots-110 cities after 1968 MLK assassination Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Belief in nonviolence to achieve equality McCarran Internal Security Act Communist organizations to register with attorney general Truman Doctrine U.S. gives money to contain communism in Greece/Turkey McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality act Restricted immigration “Reaganomics” Reduce regulation/inflation/government spending/taxes “Iron Curtain” Churchill names separation of Soviet vs. democratic Europe Loyalty Boards Screening for communists for federal jobs/led to Red Scare Manhattan Project Development of nuclear bomb/prompted by fears of Nazis’s Sit-ins Form of non-violent protest from Civil Rights movement Nixon’s “Enemies List” Damage enemies through IRS tax audits Star Wars Reagan to defend against offensive missiles in space War Powers Resolution President has 60 days to extend force/limit his power Voting Rights Act Outlaws literacy tests/gives federal regulation for minorities Democratic National Convention Chaotic after assassinations of MLK and Robert Kennedy Fall of Saigon N. Vietnam overruns Saigon/reflects failure of Vietnamization Iran Hostage Crisis Showed lack of support for Shah/released day Reagan gets in Cuban Missile Crisis Russia withdraws missiles/US withdraws ours from Turkey Iran-Contra Affair Reagan-Arms to Iran and money to Nicaragua’s Contras Army-McCarthy hearings McCarthy picks on the military and loses reputation Regents of University of California v. Bakke Bars quotas to get in college but affirms affirmative action Geneva Conference Called for lack of change or involvement in Vietnam Roe v. Wade Anti-abortion laws violate 14th Amendment SALT-II Sought to curtail use of strategic nuclear weapons Project Apollo Part of NASA-to make landings on moon-1969 Armstrong The Great Society LBJ to end poverty and racism/interrupted by Vietnam Office of Economic Opportunity Administered LBJ’s War on poverty programs Peace corps Independent federal agency from John F. Kennedy Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) USSR/US would both be destroyed/nuke war deterrent Nixon Doctrine Allies need to address anti-communism without US New York Times v. United States Allowed print of Pentagon Papers on Vietnam War Miranda v. Arizona Suspect must be read their rights by the police Medicare and Medicaid For low-income workers/elderly-Poverty 22% to 12% Gideon v. Wainwright State courts to counsel all to have attorney “Vietnamization” To supply S Vietnam troops and withdraw US troops March on Washington Political rally in D.C./King’s “I have a dream” Helsinki Accord Diplomacy with USSR-a step for tension relief Furman v. Georgia Put boundaries on what is admissible for death penalty Engele v. Vitale Limits school’s public prayer/keeps church/state separate Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) To clean air/helped with acid rain in 1990 Equal Rights Amendment Guarantees equal rights for women Escobedo v. Illinois Criminals have right to counsel Eisenhower Doctine Countries with anti-communist stance for US funding Elementary-Secondary Education and High Education Act Funds education/part of War on Poverty Central Intelligence Agency Monitor other nations/from fear of communism Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlaws segregation in public schools/places Korean War US-led UN offsets N Koreans/down-up-middle-stalemate Montgomery bus boycott Rosa Parks/leads to SC case to desegregation Nixon Resigns Failed to give up 18 tape minutes/from Watergate Paris peace talks Americans out/guarantee of free elections in S. Vietnam Pentagon Papers Government had deceitfully expanded Vietnam war Port Huron Statement Students for Democratic Society vs weapons/racism Saturday night Massacre Nixon dismisses Cox/escalates Watergate scandal Tet Offensive Offensive by Vietcong/US realizes war’s not over Department of Housing and Urban Development Part of LBJ’s War on Poverty-help with ownership Alliance for Progress Kennedy’s program for economic tie with S. America Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Overturns Plessy-segregation unconstitutional Baghdad Pact Attempt by US for anti-Soviet Alliance Baker v. Carr Govt. draws boundaries/enforce One Man/One Vote Black Panthers Promote civil rights/self defense/perceived as militant George H.W. Bush Panama invasion/Gulf War I/Soviet Union Jimmy Carter Iran Hostage/Energy Crisis/Inflation/human rights Fidel Castro Took over power in Cuba as communist Chicago Seven Cause of chaos at Chicago Democratic Convention Military-Industrial complex US armed forces and all suppliers