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NAME: _______________________
CLASS______ DATE: __________________
BIOLOGY 1
FALL 2010 FINAL REVIEW
Use your book, notes and any handouts to complete the following questions:
SAFETY:
1.
All safety rules are important but list at least 5 that you believe to be the most important rules
used in a safe biology lab.
- Follow all the instructions carefully and when in doubt, ask the teacher.
- Do not eat or drink beverages or chew gum in the lab.
- No horseplay
- Always dress properly, wear aprons and goggles, hair pulled back and out of
the way
-
Know where the fire extinguisher, eyewash station and shower is located in the
lab.
*** (Hint: Remember: If in doubt about a problem in lab, ask your teacher!)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD: (p. 8 thru 10 and your notes)
2.
What is the scientific method?
A series of steps used to answer or solve a problem.
*** When conducting an experiment, what is the ……) Define the terms below:
3.
Hypothesis: An educated guess, prediction or logical explanation to a problem –
The “If….. Then……” statement.
4.
Independent variable: The variable that is deliberately changed during an
experiment.
5.
Dependent Variable: The variable that is observed and changes in response to
The independent variable.
6.
Control set up: The variable that stays the same or constant.
7.
Conclusion: The actual findings that are based on the data gathered during the
Experiment.
*** Applying the Scientific Method: (p. 8 thru 10, your brain & common sense)
A green plant was placed in a test tube and a light was placed at varying distances from the plant.
The bubbles of oxygen that were given off by the plant were counted. The chart below shows the
information that was collected.
Distance of light from plant (cm)
10
20
30
40
Number of Bubbles per minute
60
25
10
5
8.
What is the variable for this experiment? The distance of light from the plant.
The control? The plant in the test tube.
9.
What conclusions could be drawn from the information? The further away the light is
placed the less bubble given off per minutes.
10. What is the definition of a theory? An idea with provable and predictable results.
*** A scientific experiment is considered invalid if the data is changed or destroyed.
11.
Explain why:
Several reasons: (1). Because other scientists would not be able to repeat the
experiment correctly.
(2). It would be unethical to change the data.
CLASSIFICATION (pg 446 thru 461)
12. What is the name of the Swedish biologist who developed the system for classifying organisms?
Linnaeus
13. List characteristics of living things: (pg. 16)
a.
Living things are made up of units called cells.
b.
Living things reproduce.
c.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
d.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
e.
Living things respond to their environment.
f.
Living things maintain a stable environment (homeostasis)
g.
Taken as a group, living things change over time (evolution)
14. The binomial nomenclature (two part name) is made up of an organism’s genus and
species. How is the first part of the scientific name written? First letter is Capitalized and
underlined How is the second part of the scientific name written? All lower case letters and
underlined. Ex: Homo sapiens (if typed: use italics Homo sapiens)
15. Name the 7 levels of classification in order: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus and Species.
16. What is the study of identifying and classifying organisms called? Taxonomy
17. If 2 animals belong to the same Family, what other levels of classification MUST they belong to?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class and Order.
18. A dichotomous key is a tool used for identifying organisms.
19. Classification is the field of biology that classifies organisms.
VIRUSES: (pg 478 – 484 and 488 – 490)
20. A virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA that is surrounded by a Protein Coat.
21. Define the term host cell: A cell that is invaded and often destroyed by a virus.
22. Describe the 2 replication cycles of a virus:
Lytic Cycle: happens very quickly – virus enters the cell, takes over cell’s DNA,
Commands cell’s DNA to make copies of the virus parts and then it
leaves the cell and invades other host cells.
Lysogenic Cycle: happens very slowly – virus enters the cell and then lies
dormant until activated by some type of stimulus.
23. Why are viruses NOT included in our 6 kingdoms? Because they do not contain the
components that all living things need to be in a kingdom, such as it is not a cell, does not
have a nucleus, it does not reproduce – it replicates.
BACTERIA (pg 471 – 477 and 485 – 487)
24. Define the following term:
a.
prokaryote – unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or membranebound organelles. Examples are bacteria.
25. Describe 2 ways bacteria are useful: They are decomposers which return good nutrients to
the environment, they help carry out nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle and they help
make certain foods.
26. Describe 2 ways bacteria are harmful: Bacteria can cause many diseases by releasing
toxins or poisons and by damaging cells and tissues of infected organisms.
27. What is the role of bacteria in the ecosystem? They act as decomposers and help carry out
nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle.
PROTISTS (pg 497 – 520)
28.
Define the following term:
Cilia: hair-like projections that are used for movement.
Flagella: long, whip-like structures also used for movement.
29.
Are protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Eukaryotes.
FUNGI ( pg 527 – 541)
30.
Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Eukaryotes.
31.
Fungi have an ecological role in the environment as decomposers.
ANIMAL TRAITS (Chapters 26 – 32 : pg 656 – 832)
32. Define an invertebrate: An organism that does not have a backbone.
33. Define a vertebrate: An organism that does have a backbone.
PLANTS (pg 551 – 572 and 609 – 620)
34.
What is photosynthesis? The process used by plants to make food/energy.
What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight
C6H12O6 + 6O2
What structures are involved? Roots and leaves
35. What is ATP, what does it do and where is the energy stored? ATP is the chief energy storing
molecule found in the mitochondria of cells. It provides energy to the cell when it is
needed. The energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates.
36. Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells:
Plant cells are autotrophic
Plant cells have chloroplasts
Plant cells have a cell wall
Plant cells do not
Animal cells are heterotrophic
Animal cells do not have chloroplasts
Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes
ECOLOGY (Pgs. 63 thru 160)
37.
What is the difference in primary and secondary succession?
Primary succession is when a community develops where there was never a
community before. (Example: community develops over an erupted volcano)
Secondary succession is when a disturbance of some kind changes an existing
community but without removing the soil (hurricane, forest fire etc.)
38.
The algae at the beginning of the food chain see below represents producers.
39.
An organism that uses its energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is
called a chemotroph.
40.
What is the correct term for animals eat both producers and consumers? omnivore
41.
All of the members of a particular species that live in the same area are called a
Population.
42.
An organism that cannot make its own food is called a heterotroph.
43.
Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are
called decomposers.
44.
All the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem are a food web.
45.
List 3 examples of an abiotic factor in the environment water, soil and temperature.
46.
The symbiotic relationship between a flower and an insect that feeds on its nectar is an
example of Mutualism.
47.
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called
Predation.
48.
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed is Parasitism.
49.
Define the following terms:
a. Herbivore: An organisms that only eats plants.
b. Carnivore: An organism that only eats meat/flesh.
50.
Define the following terms:
a. Abiotic: Physical or non-living factors that shape the ecosystem.
b. Biotic : Biological factors that are living such as plants and animals.
c. Biosphere: The earth.
d. Ecosystem: A collection of all the living organisms in the area which also
include the non-living factors like water, air, soil etc.
51.
Define the following terms:
a. Ecology : The scientific study of interactions among living organisms and
between them and their environment (surroundings).
b. Species : A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can
breed and produce fertile offspring.
c. Population : a group of individuals that belong to the same species and lives
in the same area.
d. emigration : the movement of organisms out of an area.
e. immigration : the movement of organisms into an area.
f. carrying capacity : the number of individuals that an environment can
support.
g. density independent limiting factor: limiting factors that depend on the size of a
population.
h. density dependent limiting factor: limiting factors that affect ALL sizes of
populations.
i. 10% rule: Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is
transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
CELLS: (pgs. 169 thru 193)
52.
Define the following terms:
53.
a.
homeostasis: a process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable
internal environment.
b.
isotonic : when the concentration from 2 solutions is the same or equal.
c.
hypotonic :when comparing 2 solutions, the solution with the lesser
concentration of solutes
d.
hypertonic : when comparing 2 solutions, the solution with the greater
concentration of solutes.
e.
active transport: energy-requiring process that moves materials across the cell
membrane against a concentration difference.
f.
passive transport : the movement of materials across the cell membrane that
DOES NOT require any energy from the cell.
g.
endocytosis: a process by which a cell takes matieral into the cell by infolding
of the cell membrane.
h.
exocytosis : a process by which a cell releases large amounts of material out of
the cell.
Give the function of each of the cell parts below. Indicate if each is found in plants, animals, or
both:
a. mitochondria : cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into
compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
b. nucleus: in cells, it is the structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
and controls the cells activities.
c. ribosomes: a small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled, it is made
of RNA and proteins.
d. centriole: one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animals cells near
the nuclear envelope.
e. cell wall: a strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae and
some bacteria.
f. cell membrane: a thin, flexible barrier around a cell that regulates what enters or
leaves the cell.
g. chloroplast: an organelle found in the cells of plants and some other organisms
that capture the energy from the sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
h. endoplasmic reticulum: an internal membrane system in cells in which lipid
components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.
i. lysosomes: cell organelle filled withi enzymes needed to break down certain
materials in the cell.
j. golgi apparatus: a stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts and packages
proteins from the ER.
k. chromosomes: threadlike structures within the nucleus containing genetic
information that is passed from one generation to the next.
54.
Distinguish between:
a.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes : prokaryotes: do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles such as bacteria. Eukaryotes contain a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles such as animals, plants, protists and fungus.
b.
diffusion and osmosis : Diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across the cell
membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water and only water across a selectively
permeable membrane.
c.
Contributions of Schwann and Schleiden to the cell theory: Schwann was a zoologist who
stated that all animals are made of cells and Schleiden was a botanist who stated
that all plants are made of cells.
DNA: ( p. 287 thru 299)
55.
What sugar is found in DNA? Deoxyribose
56.
Give the structure and function of DNA:
* What are the 4 bases that make up DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and
Guanine.
* What pairs with what? Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with
Guanine.
* What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? 5 carbon sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen
base.
* What are the weak bonds that hold the nitrogen bases together? Hydrogen
* Draw a DNA molecule and label the helix and a nucleotide.
57.
Label the following picture of a chromosome:
Centromere
Chromosome
MITOSIS and MEIOSIS: (p. 241-249 and Pg. 275 thru 278)
58.
How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells? (what is formed?): the cytoplasm is pinched in
half and a cell plate is formed.
in animal cells? The cytoplasm is pinched in half and cleavage furrow is formed.
59.
Define the following terms:
a. haploid: a gamete (sex cell) with half the number of chromosomes or n
b. gamete : the sex cells of egg or sperm.
c. fertilization: the joining of egg and sperm to create a zygote.
d. diploid : a somatic cell (body cell) with twice the number of chromosomes or 2N
60.
61.
Describe what happens in the steps of the cell cycle
a.
G1 ___________________________________________________
b.
S
____________________________________________________
c.
G2 ____________________________________________________
d.
Interphase ______________________________________________
e.
Prophase _______________________________________________
f.
Metaphase ______________________________________________
g.
Anaphase ______________________________________________
h.
Telophase ______________________________________________
Label each phase
__________________
62.
____________
____________
_______________
Label the following diagrams as mitosis or meiosis and fill in the blanks.
________________
____________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: (Pgs. 221-232)
63.
What is equation for cellular respiration? ______________________________________
64.
Which are the reactants? ___________________________________ and which are the
products? _________________________________________________
65.
What macromolecule does the cell use to carry out cellular respiration? ____________
66.
What are the 3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct order and where does
each step take place in the cell?
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
67.
What do we call cellular respiration without oxygen? ___________________________
68.
What are the 2 types of this kind of cellular respiration called?
_________________ fermentation and ___________ ____________ fermentation.