Download Notes Unit 4 Part 1

BIOLOGY NOTES
GENETICS PART 1
PAGES 132-150
NAME:
DAY / MOD:
DATE:
Standards:
____ Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of
new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction
____ Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in
cancer
____ Compare and contrast binary fission and mitotic cell division
Essential Question:
1.
I. Organism Growth
In order for an organism to grow they must increase the number of ________ because increasing the size of a
cell does not make sense
 Cells have __________ for how large they can become. Cells cannot grow too ___________ because:
1. DNA – the cell can grow in _____________ but there will be no extra ______ made
 leads to an “_________________ crisis”
2. Surface Area Versus Volume
 a cell’s _______________ increases much faster than its ______________ area
DIAGRAM:
 large volumes with small ____________ area means the cell membrane cannot receive
________________ and get rid of __________ fast enough for the cell to ______________
 _______________ and ______________ would occur too slowly
II. The Cell Cycle = the life cycle of the ________ which includes ___________ and _____________
 To ___________ and ____________ the overall organism
 To replace _______ and worn-out cells
CELL CYCLE PROCESSES:
1. Interphase = the _________ part of the cell cycle in which all organelles are doubled except the
___________
a. G1 phase = Gap I phase in which the cell grows in _______ and protein production is ________
 nerve cells cannot replicate because they get _________ in this phase
b. S phase = Synthesis phase in which the _________________ in the nucleus are copied
c. G2phase = Gap II phase in which the cell prepares for _______________
2. Mitosis = process in which the cell nucleus is ____________________
 Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of life known as ________. During cell division, the ______
will change forms.
 chromatin = long, stringy strands of ______ mixed loosely with ______________ called histones
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 chromosome = one long, continuous piece of _______ made of numerous _________
 coiled chromosomes signal the start of ____________
 sister chromatids = identical halves of a ___________________
DIAGRAM:


Mitosis will take the duplicated _____________ made in _______________ and divide them up
between two new ________ so that each new cell will have a _______________ with the exact same
genetic ___________________
 this means that when mitosis makes new cells they are ____________________ to the old cells
The 4 phases in mitosis that will divide the DNA are:
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
3. Cytokinesis = the last step of the cell __________ which divides the cell’s ______________ and
______________
e.g.
 At the end of cytokinesis, there are ____ identical _________________ which makes the overall
organism grow in _______

The resulting cells of the cell cycle are known as _______________ cells
 somatic cell = a ____________ cell (all cells of the human body are considered somatic cells
EXCEPT ________ and ____________)
DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE:
III. Cell Cycle Rate & Cancer
Cells control the __________ at which they divide and make new ____________
 External and internal chemicals signal when cells start and end each step of the cell ____________
 Depending on a cell’s _______________ and the overall age of an ______________, time spent in each
phase of the cell _____________ will vary
e.g.
 Sometimes, cells are scheduled to self-destruct or _______ in order for the overall organism to function
properly
 apoptosis = programmed cell ____________
e.g.
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
Cancer = a class of diseases which results in the body’s inability to control the __________ and
division of __________ resulting in an overabundance of unwanted and unusable _________ which
can clump together to form ______________
 tumors are said to be __________ if tumor cells remain clumped together making it relatively easy to
remove all unwanted _________ by treatment
 tumors are said to be ____________________ if some of the tumor cells migrate to other parts of the
body where they can _________________ or form new tumors
 cancer is caused by some form of _________________ or error found within the DNA
 mutations can be __________________ or caused by some sort of outside influence like
________________________
 treatments for cancer include ___________________ and ______________________
IV. The Cell Cycle & Reproduction
We know that all creatures start as a single cell. However, if cells only come from other cells, and they are
identical after going through the cell cycle, how do ______________ differ from their ______________?
 In _____________ reproduction, a new organism is created from _____ parent and the offspring are
__________________ to this parent except if ________________ arise

In _____________ reproduction, a new organism is created from the ______ of _____ parents
 DNA from each parent is placed together in a single cell which creates an ______________ that is
different from each parent
 sexual reproduction produces a GREATER amount of ________________ variation
A. Asexual Reproduction = the production of an individual from only _____ parent
 Produces offspring that are ______________ to parent because the ____ of the new offspring comes
from ___ parent
 The cell cycle with _______________ also results in daughter cells _______________ to parent cells
 This means the cell cycle with _______________ and some forms of asexual reproduction are very
similar processes both of which limit _______________ variation
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
1. Budding = type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism _______ off of the _____________
organism
e.g.
2. Regeneration = type of asexual reproduction in separate piece of the ____________ organism can
develop into a new ________________
e.g.
3. Binary Fission = type of asexual reproduction in which the parent ______________ splits in ______
and each half grows new _______ to become a complete _______________
 binary fission and the cell cycle with ________________ are almost identical processes because
they both occur in a single cell and have identical _________________
e.g.
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4. Sporulation = a type of asexual reproduction when _________ are produced and scatter to create new
________________
e.g.
5. Vegetative Propagation = type of asexual reproduction in which new _________ grow from the
stems, roots, or leaves of an _____________ plant
e.g.
6. Parthenogenesis = type of asexual reproduction in which the female produces ________ that can
develop into new offspring without ___________________
e.g.
STUDENT SYNTHESIS
To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher
level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive one-sentence summary of the information
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