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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 1 PAGES 132-150 NAME: DAY / MOD: DATE: Standards: ____ Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction ____ Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer ____ Compare and contrast binary fission and mitotic cell division Essential Question: 1. I. Organism Growth In order for an organism to grow they must increase the number of ________ because increasing the size of a cell does not make sense Cells have __________ for how large they can become. Cells cannot grow too ___________ because: 1. DNA – the cell can grow in _____________ but there will be no extra ______ made leads to an “_________________ crisis” 2. Surface Area Versus Volume a cell’s _______________ increases much faster than its ______________ area DIAGRAM: large volumes with small ____________ area means the cell membrane cannot receive ________________ and get rid of __________ fast enough for the cell to ______________ _______________ and ______________ would occur too slowly II. The Cell Cycle = the life cycle of the ________ which includes ___________ and _____________ To ___________ and ____________ the overall organism To replace _______ and worn-out cells CELL CYCLE PROCESSES: 1. Interphase = the _________ part of the cell cycle in which all organelles are doubled except the ___________ a. G1 phase = Gap I phase in which the cell grows in _______ and protein production is ________ nerve cells cannot replicate because they get _________ in this phase b. S phase = Synthesis phase in which the _________________ in the nucleus are copied c. G2phase = Gap II phase in which the cell prepares for _______________ 2. Mitosis = process in which the cell nucleus is ____________________ Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of life known as ________. During cell division, the ______ will change forms. chromatin = long, stringy strands of ______ mixed loosely with ______________ called histones Range, A. Unit 4 Page 2A chromosome = one long, continuous piece of _______ made of numerous _________ coiled chromosomes signal the start of ____________ sister chromatids = identical halves of a ___________________ DIAGRAM: Mitosis will take the duplicated _____________ made in _______________ and divide them up between two new ________ so that each new cell will have a _______________ with the exact same genetic ___________________ this means that when mitosis makes new cells they are ____________________ to the old cells The 4 phases in mitosis that will divide the DNA are: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 3. Cytokinesis = the last step of the cell __________ which divides the cell’s ______________ and ______________ e.g. At the end of cytokinesis, there are ____ identical _________________ which makes the overall organism grow in _______ The resulting cells of the cell cycle are known as _______________ cells somatic cell = a ____________ cell (all cells of the human body are considered somatic cells EXCEPT ________ and ____________) DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE: III. Cell Cycle Rate & Cancer Cells control the __________ at which they divide and make new ____________ External and internal chemicals signal when cells start and end each step of the cell ____________ Depending on a cell’s _______________ and the overall age of an ______________, time spent in each phase of the cell _____________ will vary e.g. Sometimes, cells are scheduled to self-destruct or _______ in order for the overall organism to function properly apoptosis = programmed cell ____________ e.g. Range, A. Unit 4 Page 2A Cancer = a class of diseases which results in the body’s inability to control the __________ and division of __________ resulting in an overabundance of unwanted and unusable _________ which can clump together to form ______________ tumors are said to be __________ if tumor cells remain clumped together making it relatively easy to remove all unwanted _________ by treatment tumors are said to be ____________________ if some of the tumor cells migrate to other parts of the body where they can _________________ or form new tumors cancer is caused by some form of _________________ or error found within the DNA mutations can be __________________ or caused by some sort of outside influence like ________________________ treatments for cancer include ___________________ and ______________________ IV. The Cell Cycle & Reproduction We know that all creatures start as a single cell. However, if cells only come from other cells, and they are identical after going through the cell cycle, how do ______________ differ from their ______________? In _____________ reproduction, a new organism is created from _____ parent and the offspring are __________________ to this parent except if ________________ arise In _____________ reproduction, a new organism is created from the ______ of _____ parents DNA from each parent is placed together in a single cell which creates an ______________ that is different from each parent sexual reproduction produces a GREATER amount of ________________ variation A. Asexual Reproduction = the production of an individual from only _____ parent Produces offspring that are ______________ to parent because the ____ of the new offspring comes from ___ parent The cell cycle with _______________ also results in daughter cells _______________ to parent cells This means the cell cycle with _______________ and some forms of asexual reproduction are very similar processes both of which limit _______________ variation Types of Asexual Reproduction: 1. Budding = type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism _______ off of the _____________ organism e.g. 2. Regeneration = type of asexual reproduction in separate piece of the ____________ organism can develop into a new ________________ e.g. 3. Binary Fission = type of asexual reproduction in which the parent ______________ splits in ______ and each half grows new _______ to become a complete _______________ binary fission and the cell cycle with ________________ are almost identical processes because they both occur in a single cell and have identical _________________ e.g. Range, A. Unit 4 Page 2A 4. Sporulation = a type of asexual reproduction when _________ are produced and scatter to create new ________________ e.g. 5. Vegetative Propagation = type of asexual reproduction in which new _________ grow from the stems, roots, or leaves of an _____________ plant e.g. 6. Parthenogenesis = type of asexual reproduction in which the female produces ________ that can develop into new offspring without ___________________ e.g. STUDENT SYNTHESIS To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive one-sentence summary of the information Range, A. Unit 4 Page 2A