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Deliverable 9: Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators As pointed out in the original PHOME proposal, using chiral metamaterials can be used as thin-film optical isolators. In addition, we have proposed to use photonic metamaterials that can be used as tunable switches at THz frequencies, and finally we have proposed to use photonic metamaterials for electro-optic modulation. Chirality only exists in truly three-dimensional structures, i.e., it does not occur in planar metamaterials. Furthermore, chirality enables devices that are immediately relevant for ICT-related applications such as, e.g., “poor man’s optical isolators” or circular polarization filters. Combined with non-reciprocal constituent materials, chirality would also enable true optical isolators based on the Faraday effect in the future. In Fig. 9 we present the designs and the fabricated samples for GHz and THz frequencies [D9:1, D9:2, D9:3, D9:4, D9:5, D9:6]. Notice that Figure 9.1: Comparison of different chiral metamaterials, which were fabricated and experimentally characterized at GHz and THz frequencies. the rotation angle per wavelength is around 800o for GHz frequencies, around 400o for 3 microns and around 60o for 1.5 microns. The rotation angle is given with zero ellipticity, i.e. it means that the linear polarized wave rotates and remains linear polarized. These new designs, which have been fabricated and measured experimentally, can be used as thin-film optical isolators. The second ICT demonstrator is the gold-helix metamaterial that was fabricated [D9:7] with direct laser writing (DLW) and it was filled with gold using an electroplating approach. This work can be viewed as a possible first “real-world” application of the farreaching concepts of electromagnetic metamaterials. Figure D9.2: 3D gold-helix metamaterial serving as compact, broadband circular polarizer [D9:7]. The realized gold-helix metamaterial can serve as a compact broadband (more than one octave bandwidth) circular polarizer that might find applications in infrared spectroscopy of fingerprints of chiral molecules. Importantly, a linear polarizer and a subsequent quarter-wave plate cannot simply obtain broadband circular polarization of light. The realized structures [D9: 7] can be viewed as the circular analogue of the good old wire-grid polarizer that is widely applied for obtaining linear polarization of light. The third ICT demonstrator is the dynamic response of metamaterials at the THz regime. In particular we have made designs, fabricated the samples and characterize them by THz time-domain spectroscopy. We demonstrate experimentally [D9:8] blueshift tunability and a broadband phase modulation. This happens when the metamaterial is dynamically photoexcited, using synchronized femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses. The possibility of phase modulation under photoexcitation, opens the way of realization of broadband (250 GHz) phase plate devices in the THz range. In addition, we have designed and fabricated [D9:9] a new metamaterial device that gives a dual-band switch, which has a lot of potential applications in switchable devices. Fig. D9.3: Schematic view of our design for broadband blue-shift tunable metamaterial. Fig. D9.4: Optical microscopy image of the fabricated metamaterial device. Fig. D9.5: Simulation results of transmission with different conductivity levels of photoactive silicon. Fig. D9.6: Experimentally measured transmission for different levels of energy flux of pump beam. References D9 [D9: 1] E. Plum, J. Dong, J. Zhou, V. A. Fedotov, Th. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis, and N. I. Zheludev, “Metamaterial with Negative Index due to Chirality,” Phys. Rev. B. 79, 035407 (2009); (Selected for a Viewpoint in Physics 2, 3 (2009)). [D9:2] J. Zhou, J. Dong, B. Wang, Th. Koschny, M. Kafesaki and C. M. Soukoulis, “Negative refractive index due to chirality,” Phys. Rev. B. 79, 121104(R) (2009). [D9:3] M. Decker, M. Ruther, C.E. Kriegler, J. Zhou, C.M. Soukoulis, S. Linden, and M. Wegener, “Strong optical activity from twisted-cross photonic metamaterials,” Optics. Letters 34, 2501(2009). [D9:4] Z. Li, R. Zhao, Th. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, E. Colak, H. Caglayan, E. Ozbay and C. M. Soukoulis, “Chiral metamaterials with negative refractive index based on Four-U-SRRs resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. (submitted). [D9:5] M. Decker R. Zhao, C.M. Soukoulis, S. Linden, and M. Wegener, “Twisted split-ringresonator photonic metamaterial with huge optical activity,” Opt. Lett. 35, 1593 (2010). [D9:6] R. Zhao, Th. Koschny and C. M. Soukoulis, “Conjugated-bi-layer swastika-shaped chiral metamaterial with huge optical activity and negative refractive index,” unpublished. [D9:7] J.K. Gansel, M. Thiel, M.S. Rill, M. Decker, K. Bade, V. Saile, G. von Freymann, S. Linden, and M. Wegener, Gold helix photonic metamaterial as broadband circular polarizer, Science 325, 1513 (2009). [D9:8] J. M. Manceau, N.-H. Shen, M. Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Tzortzakis, “Dynamic response of metamaterials in the terahertz regime: Blue shift tunability and broadband phase modulation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021111 (2010). [D9:9] N.-H. Shen, M. Massaouti, M. Gokkavas, E. Ozbay, J. M. Manceau, S. Tzortzakis, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Experimental realization of broadband blue-shift swith in THz regime with all optical implementation,” unpublished.