Download Unit 3 - Notes/Concept Packet (packet #8) - answers

Unit 3 Concept/Notes Sheet
The United States Constitution
Background:
The Articles of Confederation was the first permanent government of the United States
1) Who did the Articles of Confederation give power to?
The Articles of Confederation gave more power to the states.
2) What was wrong with the national government under the Articles of Confederation?
It created a weak central government.
3) Provide specific examples of things that the national government couldn’t do:
Regulate trade, enforce its laws, coin money, create taxes, have federal courts, have a
single person run the country, tell the states what to do, couldn’t solve major problems
since the states could not agree and the national government had no authority over
them
Constitutional Convention:
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 started as an attempt to reform / change the Articles
of Confederation, but it became a process to establish an entirely new federal government.
(The Framers of the Constitution are the “Founding Fathers,” or constructors, of the new
national government.)
1) What event highlighted the weaknesses of the central/federal/national government under the
Articles of Confederation?
Shays’ Rebellion
2) In regard to what topic did the Founding Fathers have the biggest disagreement?
Representation in Congress
3) What was the Virginia Plan?
Proposed a bicameral legislature, representation based upon population, stronger
national government, Congress could levy taxes and regulate interstate and foreign
commerce, creates 3 branches
4) What was the New Jersey Plan?
Proposed a unicameral legislature, equal representation per state, stronger state
Governments, Congress could levy taxes and regulate interstate and foreign commerce,
creates 3 branches
5) How and why were they different?
Most important difference – how representation would be determined. New Jersey, being
a smaller state, wanted to make sure the smaller states would have an equal share of power in
the new government compared to more populous states. Virginia, being the most populated state
at the time, wanted to make sure they were given MORE power because of their size.
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 1
6) What was the Great Compromise (a.k.a. the Connecticut Compromise)?
Settles the issue of representation in Congress.
Bi-cameral legislature = 2 house legislature.
Combines plans from the:
1) big states (the Virginia Plan becomes the House of Representatives –
representation is based upon population)
2) small states (the New Jersey Plan becomes the Senate – representation from
every state is equal)
7) How did the Three-Fifths Compromise influence this debate?
In order to determine the levels of representation, a census had to be taken of each state
and each slave was counted as 3/5ths of a person. In other words, every 5 slaves was counted
as 3 people. This resolved the problem between the Northern and Southern states over whether
the slaves should be counted in determining representation levels.
8) Other compromises included:
8a) Commerce Compromise
1) Federal government regulates interstate and foreign commerce
(interstate – across state lines)
(commerce – trade)
2) States regulate intrastate commerce (trade within a state)
8b) Slave Compromise
The delegates from the Southern states refused to allow slavery to become illegal.
However, the federal government could outlaw the importation of slaves in 20
years.
8c) Presidential Compromise
Strong president. Indirectly elected. 4 year terms.
9) Which of the above were actually included in the Constitution?
strengthened the power of the federal government, National government has authority
over the states, 3 branches (executive, legislative, judicial); Bicameral legislature – Senate
(equal representation) & House of Representatives (representation based upon population);
Congress has power to make laws, tax (can tax imports but NOT exports), and regulate
interstate commerce
Constitutional Principles:
1) Democracy:
1a) In a democracy, the power to rule is derived from the will of the people. John
Locke referred to this as what?
The consent of the governed
1b) This course also uses at least two other terms to generally refer to democracy:
“self-government” & “popular sovereignty.” “Popular” refers to “people” and
“sovereign” means?
The source of all power
So, “popular sovereignty” means that people are the source of all power.
1c) What is a common feature of every democracy? people are involved in the political
process (ex. Voting)
2) Specifically, the United States has a republic. What does every republic have?
Representatives elected by the people to run the government
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 2
The Constitution contains some basic principles, or guiding ideas, that we must be familiar with.
The following terms marked with an “*” are Constitutional Principles.
3) Limited Government*
3a) Definition: The government is restricted in what it can do
3b) This principle originated during what time period? The Enlightenment
4) Federalism* (a.k.a. a federal form of government)
4a) Definition: The division of political power between the different levels of
government
(Any time a question describes the state and national government, this is
describing Federalism)
4b) How does this limit the power of the federal government?
The federal government only has the delegated and implied powers and is denied
the reserved powers (powers given to the states). In other words, the federal
government can not take the powers specifically given to the states, its powers are
limited.
4c) What levels are created? national government, state government, local
5) Supremacy Clause
5a) Definition: It states that the Constitution is the Supreme Law of the land
5b) How does it relate to federalism? It also states that the national
government has authority over the states.
6) Flexibility*
6a) Definition: The Constitution can change to meet the needs/desires of the times
6b) What are some features of the Constitution that allow it to be FLEXIBLE? Judicial
Review, Amendment Process, Implied powers - Elastic Clause,
7) Judicial Review
7a) Definition: The Supreme Court can look over a law, brought to it in the form
of a case, to declare the law constitutional or unconstitutional.
7b) How was judicial review created? It was created in the Supreme Court’s decision
to Marbury v. Madison. John Marshall was chief justice at the time.
8) Amendment Process
8a) Definition: The method used to formally change the Constitution
8b) How is this done?
Proposal:
1) 2/3 vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate
OR
2)national convention called for by 2/3 of state legislatures
Ratification:
1) Approved by 3/4 of all state legislatures
OR
2) state convention approves of the amendment in 3/4 of all states
9) Baron de Montesquieu wrote about the need for a government with 3 branches that has a
system of checks and balances & a separation of power. (Most frequently asked questions are
on this topic)
9a) Definition of checks and balances: Keeps any one branch from having too much
power. (Any time one branch does something to another branch it is checks and
balances.)
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 3
9b) Definition of separation of powers: Divides the power of the government across 3
branches.
9c) Give examples of checks and balances & separation of powers – generally speaking
and real historical ones.
1) Senate approves or rejects the presidents nominees/appointments to the
Supreme Court; 2) Judicial Review – Supreme Court has the ability to
review any law brought to it in the form of case; 3) Congress declares
war, but the president is Commander in Chief; 4) President Andrew
Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives; 5) President
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) attempt to enlarge the Supreme Court from 9
to 12 judges in an attempt to influence their decisions. Why? The Supreme
Court had declared many of his New Deal programs to be
unconstitutional. Congress did NOT allow this to occur.
Constitutional Powers:
1) Delegated Powers
1a) Define Delegated Powers: Powers listed in the Constitution that are only given to the
National Government.
1b) Give examples of Delegated Powers: Maintain an army, declare war, coin money,
regulate interstate commerce
2) Reserved Powers
2a) Define Reserved Powers: Powers listed in the Constitution that are only given to the
State Governments. Also includes all powers NOT given to the national
government OR DENIED to the states.
2b) Give examples of Reserved Powers: conduct elections, regulate marriages &
divorces, establish schools, regulate educational systems, regulate intrastate
commerce, establish local governments
3) Concurrent Powers
3a) Define Concurrent Powers: Powers listed in the Constitution that belong to BOTH
the federal government and the state governments.
3b) Give examples of Concurrent Powers: create and enforce laws, establish courts,
borrow money, tax, build roads, protect the safety of the people
4) Implied Powers
4a) Define Implied Powers: Powers NOT listed in the Constitution, but still given to the
Federal government.
4b) Give examples of Implied Powers: The ELASTIC CLAUSE gives these implied
powers.
5) Elastic Clause
5a) Define the Elastic Clause: Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 provides Congress with the
implied power of creating any law that is “necessary and proper”. Examples:
Congress can regulate child labor; expand power of federal government,
especially over interstate commerce
5b) Exactly where is it in the Constitution? Article I, Section 8, Clause 18
5c) What is the quote that describes this power?
Congress has the implied power of
creating any law that is “necessary and proper”.
5d) Who has this power?
Congress
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 4
Powers in Article I of the Constitution:
Article I describes the powers given to the Legislative Branch.
1) Why is the Legislative branch listed first?
It is the most democratic. It was the only branch that the Articles of Confederation had.
2) What do we often call our Legislative Branch?
Congress
3) Bicameral means “two houses.” What are the two chambers in our Legislative Branch?
House of Representatives (Representation levels is based upon the population of each
state – more people, more representatives) & the Senate (2 Senators from each state)
4) What about the Legislative Branch makes the United States government a republic?
We elect representatives (i.e. the members of the House of Representatives and the
Senate) to run the government for us.
5) Census
5a) Define census: counting of all people in the United States
5b) How often is it required by the Constitution? Every 10 years
5c) What part of the legislative branch is affected by the census and why? The
House of Representatives. Representation in the “House” is based upon the
population of each state. The Senate is NOT affected by the Senate since every
state has 2 Senators, no matter what their population.
6) Some delegated powers of Congress:
6a) Regulate interstate commerce – Congress can regulate trade between the states /
Commerce Clause
(Supreme Court decisions that support this clause: Gibbons v. Ogden,
McCulloch v. Maryland, Wabash v. Illinois)
(This clause allowed Congress to expand its power through the creation of laws
like the one that created the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887, the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.)
6b) Declare war – Congress hasn’t declared war since World War II. The president had
side stepped Congress during Vietnam. In response, Congress passed the “War
Powers Resolution” in 1973. This required the president to get approval from
Congress to send troops abroad for more than 60 days.
6c) Build roads – In 1956, Congress passed the “National Defense Highway System
Act.” Originally proposed by President Eisenhower, this created the US
interstate highway system (41,000 miles of road). Purpose: to quickly move
troops in the United States during the Cold War years and to help with commerce.
6d) Create federal courts below the Supreme Court – the Constitution only created the
Supreme Court, Congress created the District Courts and the Circuit Courts of
Appeal. Congress can also change the number of Supreme Court judges.
6e) Levy taxes
6f) Borrow money
6g) Coin money
6h) elastic clause – an implied power. Found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 of the
Constitution. “…Congress can create any law that is necessary and proper…”
Examples of its use: the Louisiana Purchase, creation of the National Bank,
regulation of child labor, development of New Deal legislation
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 5
7) Unique characteristics and powers of the House of Representatives:
7a) term length: 2 year terms
7b) requirements: 25 years of age, state resident, citizen for 7+ years
7c) leader of the House is called? The Speaker (currently Nancy Pelosi)
7d) selection process: Directly elected by the people – the only position in the federal
government that was directly elected by the people in the original Constitution
(This is why the House of Representatives is considered to be the most
democratic)
7e) powers only given to the House of Representatives:
1) All revenue bills must start in the House of Representatives
2) impeachment proceedings: The House “formally accuses the public official of
a wrongdoing”
3) decides a presidential election if no presidential candidate receives a majority
of the electoral college vote.
8) Unique characteristics and powers of the Senate:
8a) term length: 6 year terms (rotating elections)
8b) requirements: 30 years of age, state resident, citizen for 9+ years
8c) leader of the Senate is called? Majority Leader (currently Harry Reid)
8d) role of the Vice President? The VP is “president” of the Senate. His only official
power is to cast the deciding vote if a tie occurs
8e) What is the “President Pro Tempore”? president of the Senate when the VP isn’t
present
8f) selection process: In original Constitution – selected by the state legislatures
Now – directly elected. Change occurred after the ratification of the 17th
Amendment during the Progressive Era.
8g) powers only given to the Senate:
1) Senate must approve (ratify) all treaties created by the president (ex. After
WWI, President Wilson helped create the Treaty of Versailles, but the US
Senate never ratified it) (2/3rd majority vote is required to ratify)
2) Senate must approve all nominations made by the president(ex. The president
appoints people to the cabinet, judges to all federal courts including the
Supreme Court, and to ambassador positions. Each of these appointments
must be approved by the Senate before that individual can assume that
position.) (simple majority vote is required to approve appointments)
3) impeachment proceedings: The Senate acts as the jury during the
impeachment trial. The Senate decides if the impeached official is
actually removed from office. (A 2/3rd majority vote is required to remove
an official.)
4) Filibuster: this is more of a rule than a power. In the Senate, there is
unlimited discussion on all bills. If a group of Senators want to stop a bill
from getting voted upon, they can “filibuster” it by continuously talking
until the other side gives up trying to get the bill passed. (Ex. Southern
Senators used a series of filibusters to delay the passage of Civil Rights
legislation during the 1950’s and 1960’s.) A “cloture” vote can be used
to end a filibuster – it requires 60 votes to stop the unlimited debate.
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 6
9) How does a bill become a law?
A legislator will introduce a bill to Congress. (All bills dealing with money originate in
the House or Representatives.) A congressional committee (a specialized group of congressmen)
will discuss the merits of the bill and make any necessary revisions. Once it is approved by the
committee, the bill is then introduced to the entire House of Representatives for a vote. If a
majority of the representatives approve of the bill, it is passed to the Senate where the same thing
occurs – it works through committees and a vote by the entire Senate is necessary. Once the
exact same bill is approved by both houses of Congress by a majority vote, the bill is passed to
the president where he can sign it into law or veto it. If the president vetoes the bill, both houses
of Congress can either revise the bill or vote on it again. Assuming more than 2/3 of all
legislators from each house votes in favor of the bill, the bill becomes a law without the
president’s signature. This called an override of a veto.
Powers in Article II of the Constitution:
Article II describes the powers given to the Executive Branch.
1) Who is the head of the Executive Branch?
The president
1a) term length: 4 year terms
1b) maximum # of terms: 2
1c) This used to be part of the “unwritten constitution,” but what amendment now
requires it? The 22nd Amendment
2) Other people/groups that are part of the Executive Branch include the Vice President, the
Cabinet, and 200+ executive agencies.
2a) What is the Cabinet?
The president’s advisors. Today, there are 15 cabinet level
positions.
Examples: Director of Homeland Security, Secretary of State,
Secretary of Defense, Attorney General.
2b) Give some examples of executive agencies.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).
3) The President has many jobs. Explain and give examples for his jobs as:
- Commander in Chief
He is in charge of all of the nations armed forces.
He is the one that ultimately decides where and when to send our troops. He is
above all generals. The US has civilian control over the military.
- Chief Diplomat
The president is in charge of creating the nation’s foreign policy.
He meets with heads of state from other countries, he creates treaties
(agreements between nations), he sets trade agreements. Specifically, the
Secretary of State is in charge of this. However, the Senate must approve all
treaties.
- Chief Executive
The president is in charge of all of the executive agencies. He has
the right to appoint federal judges, cabinet members, and ambassadors. These
appointments have to be approved by the Senate.
- Chief Legislator
1) The president can propose legislation (bills that will become
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 7
laws). 2) president signs a bill into a law 3)president can veto a bill so it won’t
become a law. (A veto CAN be overridden if a 2/3 majority vote in BOTH houses
votes in favor of a bill.)
4) Electoral College:
4a) What is it? It is the system that we use to indirectly elect the president. Each state is
given a certain number of “votes” based upon its representation in Congress.
4b) How did you figure out the number of electoral college votes per each state? It is
equal to the number of delegates sent to the House of Representatives and the
Senate from a particular state. Ex. NY has 29 people in the House and 2 Senators
for a total of 31 electoral college votes.
4c) Why do many critics want to change/abolish the electoral college system? 1) A
president can win the general or popular election but not win the election due to
electoral college. Ex. Al Gore received more votes in the 2000 presidential
election but George Bush won the electoral college vote. 2) It distorts how much
someone wins by. Ex. In 1980, Ronald Reagan received 50.7% of the popular
vote, but 90.9% of the electoral college votes.
4d) What needs to be done to change the electoral college system? Create an
Amendment
4e) Why? In order to change the Constitution, an Amendment must be added
Powers in Article III of the Constitution:
Article III describes the powers given to the Judicial Branch (Federal Court System)
1) What is the purpose of the Judicial Branch?
To interpret the law.
2) What is the highest court in the Federal Court System? The Supreme Court
3) How do most cases get to the Supreme Court? They are appealed up from the lower courts.
4) How many judges currently preside on the Supreme Court?
Nine
5a) How long are Supreme Court judges appointed for?
They are appointed for life
5b) Why?
This frees them from political pressures. Once they are appointed by the
president and approved by the Senate, federal judges can not be removed from office,
except by impeachment. This means that they do not need money from lobbyists and do
not have to bow to pressures from political individuals.
6) Judicial Review:
6a) Definition: It allows the Supreme Court to look over any law, that is brought to it in
the form of a case, to determine if the law is constitutional or not.
6b) How was this power created? In a decision to a Supreme Court case (They made up
their own power)
6c) What Supreme Court case is most closely linked to Judicial Review? Marbury v.
Madison
6d) Who was Chief Justice during this case? John Marshall
7) John Marshall:
7a) How did his decisions influence our nation?
1) They expanded the power of the Federal government, especially the Supreme
Court.
2) He established the power of Judicial Review.
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 8
7b) What were some important Supreme Court cases he presided over? He presided over
some very important cases like:
Marbury vs. Madison (1803) – Judicial Review
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) – Supremacy Clause & Elastic Clause
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) – Supremacy Clause & Interstate Commerce
Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) – Supremacy Clause
8) Earl Warren:
8a) How did his decisions influence our nation?
His activist court showed that the
federal government could step in to solve social problems concerning race,
religion, and free speech. His decisions were also famous for protecting the
rights of accused.
8b) What is an activist judge? A judge that loosely (broadly) interprets the Constitution
8c) What were some important Supreme Court cases he presided over? Some of the
famous cases that he presided over include:
Brown vs. the Board of Education (1954) – integration of public schools
Mapp vs. Ohio (1961) – freedom from illegal police searches
Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963) – right to an attorney
Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) – Miranda rights
Engel vs. Vitale (1962) – protection of students’ rights
Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969) – protection of students’ rights
Comparisons – the Constitution compared to …
1) Enlightenment: Writers from the Enlightenment inspired and influenced many of the writers
of the Constitution.
1a) John Locke:
- 3 Natural Rights – life, liberty, & property
- Social Contract – right to overthrow an unjust government - - ---- “consent of the governed” – power to rule comes from the will of
the people
1b) Baron de Montesquieu: 3 branches, Separation of powers, Checks & balances
1c) Overall idea: Limit the power of the government
2) Colonial Government: What were some early democratic ideas developed during the Colonial
Era that influenced the Constitution?
- House of Burgesses
- Mayflower Compact
- Albany Plan of Union
- The Fundamental Order of Connecticut
3) Declaration of Independence:
3a) How are the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence similar?
- Limited government
- influenced by Enlightenment writers
- guarantee natural rights
- protect people from the government
3b) How are the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence different?
- The Declaration of Independence does NOT create a plan for a government
4) Articles of Confederation:
4a) The Constitution sought to correct the problems of what other previous government
system?
The Articles of Confederation
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 9
4b) How is the Constitution similar to the Articles of Confederation?
- Both have a legislative branch
- Both reserve powers to the states
- Both create laws
4c) How did the Constitution strengthen the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
- Creates 3 branches
- allows national government [Congress] to regulate interstate commerce
- made the national government superior to the state governments
- gave national government the ability to tax
- gave the national government the ability to create and now financially support a
military, turned the “United States are…” into the “United States is…”
5) The Constitution created a democracy. How do democracy, the Constitution, and the Bill of
Rights limit the power of the government and protect individual rights?
They specifically limit what the government is allowed to do, restricting its authority, and
guaranteeing many of the rights of the people
6) One important idea of the Constitution is that it created a “Government of laws, not of men.”
What does that mean? The LAW is more important than the men who created it; no one
is above the law
Ratification Process:
In order for the Constitution to be ratified (approved), 9 of the 13 states had to vote in favor of
adopting the Constitution and creating a new, stronger central government.
1) Federalists:
1a) Definition: Those that were in favor of the Constitution
1b) What type of government did they want? A strong national government under the
new Constitution.
2) Anti-Federalists:
2a) Definition: Those that were against the adoption of the Constitution
2b) What type of government did they want? Stronger state government
3) The biggest disagreement between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists was over:
a) The distribution of power between the National & State governments
b) The level of protection for individual rights
4) Federalist Papers:
4a) Definition: Persuasive articles in NYC papers that attempted to convince people
5) Bill of Rights:
5a) Definition: The First 10 Amendments
5b) Who proposed them? The Anti-Federalists
5c) Why? Anti-Federalists felt the Bill of Rights was needed to protect individual rights
from the NATIONAL government.
5d) Why was the Bill of Rights adopted? Without the Bill of Rights, the Anti-Federalists
would not have ratified the Constitution.
Proposed by Anti-Federalists as a way to keep the federal government
from assuming too much power. Also, created to protect individuals from the
federal government.
Bring Pen and Pencil.
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 10
Bill of Rights & other Amendments:
1) What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights?
1) To protect the rights (a.k.a. civil liberties) of the people from the Federal Government
2) Limit the power of the Federal Government
2) Why was the Bill of Rights created?
The Anti-Federalists (those that were against the
ratification of the Constitution) were afraid that the Constitution gave the federal
government too much power. In order to assure them that the people’s rights would be
guaranteed, the Federalists (those that supported the ratification of the Constitution)
promised to add the Bill of Rights (the first 10 Amendments) to the Constitution.
3) How many Amendments are in the Bill of Rights?
10
4) First Amendment:
Freedom of:
- Religion:
4a) Define establishment clause: Government can not create or favor a
specific religion or religious practice (a.k.a. “Separation between
church and state”)
4b) Define free exercise clause: Government must protect citizen’s rights
to practice their religion
- Speech:
4c) Define oral speech: Spoken speech
4d) Define symbolic speech: ideas, items, emblems, or actions that convey
a message without using the spoken word.
Supreme Court case: Tinker v. Des Moines
- Press:
4e) Define: written word
Supreme Court case: NY Times v US
4f) The combined freedoms of speech and press is often referred to as
freedom of expression
- Assembly:
4g) Define: to gather together
- Petition:
4h) Define: to write the government about your grievances / complaints
5) Fourth Amendment:
5a) Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures
5b) Created to protect citizens from colonial Writs of Assistance. Define Writs of
Assistance – open search warrants that allowed British soldiers to search
colonists much more liberally.
5c) Define the Exclusionary Rule: Illegally obtained evidence can not be used in court
Supreme Court case: Mapp v. Ohio
5d) Protects the rights of the accused
5e) (Also, limits government power)
6) Fifth Amendment:
6a) Define due process – Rules and procedures the government must follow through the
arrest and conviction process
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 11
6b) Part of the Miranda Rights that derives from the 5th Amendment – Right to remain
silent
6c) In other words, every individual has a freedom from self-incrimination.
6d) Protects the rights of the accused
6e) (Also, limits government power)
7) Sixth Amendment:
7a) Most important right guaranteed (also found in the Miranda Rights) – Right to an
attorney
Supreme Court case: Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona
Individuals also have the right to cross-exam a witness
7b) Protects the rights of the accused
7c) (Also, limits government power)
8) Ninth Amendment: Unlisted Rights
8a) Purpose: to protect citizens’ rights beyond those specifically stated
9) Tenth Amendment: Reserved Powers
9a) Purpose: 1) Limits the power of the Federal Government
2) Gives all other powers not stated to the State Governments
10a) Who interprets these Amendments to clarify exactly what our rights are? The Supreme
Court
10b) Using what power? Judicial Review
11) How are the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights similar? Both support
limitations on governmental power
12) Nineteenth Amendment: Women’s Suffrage
12a) Achievement: Gave women the right to vote
12b) Women were given this right after their efforts during which war? World War I
12c) In what area of the country were women given this right before the ratification of the
19th Amendment? The West (Ex. Wyoming 1869, Utah 1870)
12d) Where did the goal of women’s equality begin? The Seneca Falls Convention
12e) Some women that were involved with the Women’s Rights Movement include:
Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
13) Twenty-Second Amendment: Presidential Terms
13a) The president can only serve a maximum of how many terms? Two
13b) This amendment was created after what president was elected to four terms?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
13c) All other previous presidents had stopped serving as president after two terms
because George Washington had set a precedent or custom. This informal
practice of stopping at two terms was part of what? The unwritten constitution
14) Twenty-Sixth Amendment: Voting Age lowered to 18
14a) What war convinced Americans to lower the voting age to 18? The Vietnam War
15) What has been the focus of more amendments than any other specific right? The expansion
and protection of voting rights. Ex. 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, 26th
16) What amendments were written to specifically assist African Americans?
1) 13th Amendment – ends slavery
2) 14th Amendment – a) extends citizenship to freed blacks
b) guarantees equal protection of the law
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 12
c) its due process clause applies the Bill of Rights to the states
3) 15 Amendment – right to vote for African Americans
4) 24th Amendment – ends the use of a poll tax in all elections
17) Which three above are the “Civil War / Reconstruction” Amendments? 13, 14, & 15
18) Which Amendments are the “Progressive” Amendments?
1) 16th Amendment – income tax
2) 17th Amendment – Popular Election of Senators
3) 18th Amendment – Prohibition
4) 19th Amendment – Women’s Suffrage
19) How do you change an existing Amendment? Add another Amendment
The 21st Amendment was added to change the 18th Amendment.
th
Unit 3 – Concept/Notes Sheet - page 13