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Ty's review guide (Out of Many Charts) Overview: Review Guide Ty Kaufman P. 3 Conflict and War The Beaver Wars:1640¡¯s-1680¡¯s: The Iroquois extend their authority as middlemen in the Dutch and English trade system by attacking neighbors as far west as Illinois. King Philip¡¯s War: 1675-1676: The Indian People of southern New England and the Puritan colonies fight for control of land. Bacon¡¯s Rebellion: 1675-1676: Backcountry settlers attack Indians, and colonial authorities try to suppress these attacks. Wars in the South:1670¡¯ s-1720¡¯s: British colonists in the Carolinas incite Creeks, Cherokees, and other Indian tribes to attack and enslave the mission Indians of Spanish Florida. The Glorious Revolution in America: 1689: Colonists in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland rise up against the colonial governments of King James II. King William¡¯s War: 1689-1697: The first of a series of colonial struggles between England and France; these conflicts occur principally on the frontiers of northern New England and New York. The Colonial Wars King William¡¯s War Queen Anne¡¯s War:1702-1713: England fights France and Spain in the Caribbean and on the northern frontier of New France. Part of the European conflict known as the War of the Spanish Succession. War of Jenkin¡¯s Ear: 1739-1743: Great Britain versus Spain in the Caribbean and Georgia. Part of the European conflict known as the War of Austrian Succession. King George¡¯s War:1744-1748: Great Britain and France fight in Acadia (NE coast, off Canada) and Nova Scotia; the second American round of the War of Austrian Succession. French and Indian War:1754-1763: Last of the great colonial wars pitting Great Britain against France and Spain. Known in Europe as the Seven Years¡¯ War. Eleven Britain Measures that led to Revolution Sugar Act: 1764: Placed prohibitive duty on imported sugar; provided for greater regulation of American shipping to suppress smuggling. Stamp Act: 1765: Required the purchase of specifically embossed paper for newspapers, legal documents, licenses, insurance policies, ships¡¯ papers, and playing cards; struck at printers, lawyers, tavern owners, and other influential colonists. Repealed in 1766. Declaratory Act: 1766: Asserted the authority of Parliament to make laws binding the colonies ¡°in all cases whatsoever¡±. Townshend Revenue Acts: Placed import duties, collectible before goods entered colonial markets, on many commodities including lead, glass, paper, and tea. Repealed in 1770. Tea Act: 1773: Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on all tea imports to America, hitting at American merchants Coercive/Intolerable Acts: 1774: All of the following make up the intolerable acts. Boston Port Bill: Closed Boston Harbor, in response to Boston Tea Party (1773) Massachusetts Government Act: Annulled the Massachusetts colonial charter. Administration of Justice Act: Protected British officials from colonial courts by sending them home if arrested. Quartering Act: Legalized the housing of British Troops in private homes Quebec Act: Created a highly centralized government for Canada. First American Party System Federalist Party: Organized by figures in the Washington administration who were in favor of a strong federal government, friendship with the British, and opposition to the French Revolution; its power base was among merchants, property owners, and urban workers tied to the commercial economy. A minority party after 1800, it was regionally strong only in New England. Democratic Republican Party: Arose as the opposition to the Federalists; its adherents were in favor of limiting Federal power; they were sympathetic to the French Revolution, and hostile to Great Britain; the party drew strength from Southern planters and Northern farmers. The majority party after 1800. Second American Party System Democrats: First organized to elect Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. The Democratic Party spoke for Jeffersonian democracy, expansion, and the freedom of the ¡°common man¡± from interference from government or from financial monopolies like the Bank of the United States. It found its power from the rural South and West and among some northern urban workers. The Democratic Party was the majority party from 1828 to 1860 Whigs: Organized in opposition to Andrew Jackson in the early 1830¡¯s. Heir to Federalism, the Whig Party favored a strong role for the national government in the economy (for example, it promoted Henry Clay¡¯s American System) and supported active social reform. Its power base lay in the North and Old Northwest among voters who benefited from increased commercialization and among some southern planters and urban merchants. The Whigs won the elections of 1840 an 1848. Expansion causes the first splits in the Second American Party System 1844:Whigs reject President John Tyler¡¯s move to annex Texas, and expel him from the Whig Party. Southern Democrats choose expansionist James K. Polk as their presidential candidate, passing over Martin Ban Buren, who is against expansion. 1846: The Wilmot Proviso, proposing to ban slavery in the territories that might be gained in the Mexican-American War, splits both parties: southern Whigs and Democrats oppose the measure; northern Whigs and Democrats support it. 1848: The new Free-Soil Party runs northern Democrat Martin Ban Buren for president, gaining 10 percent of the vote from abolitionists, antislavery Whigs, and some northern Democrats. This strong showing by a third party causes Democrat Lewis Cass to lose the electoral votes of New York and Pennsylvania, allowing the Whig Zachary Taylor to win. The Great Sectional Compromises Missouri Compromise: 1820: Missouri to Union as a slave state Maine to Union as a free state Prohibits slavery in rest of Louisiana purchase north of 36¡ã30¡ä, meaning entire territory of Louisiana purchase, exclusive of Louisiana, which had been admitted to the Union in 1812. Compromise of 1850: 1850: California to Union as free state Settles the borders of Texas (a slave state) Sets no conditions concerning slavery for the rest of the territory acquired from Mexico Slave Trade ends in district of Colombia Creates Fugitive Slave Laws Covers: Mexican Territory before end of Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Part of Texas, California, Utah territory (now Utah, Nevada, and part of Colorado), and New Mexico Territory (New Mexico and Arizona). These territories would decide slavery through popular sovereignty. Political Parties Split and Realign Whig Party: Ran its last presidential candidate in 1852. The candidate, General Winfield Scott, alienated many southern Whigs, and the party was so split it couldn¡¯t field a candidate in 1856. Democratic Party: Remained a national party through 1856, but Buchanan¡¯s actions as president made southern domination of the party so clear that many northern Democrats were alienated. Stephen Douglas, running as a northern Democrat in 1860, won 29 percent of the popular vote; John Breckinridge, running as a southern Democrat, won 18 percent. Liberty Party: Antislavery Party; ran James G. Birney for president in 1844. He won 62,000 votes, largely from northern antislavery Whigs. Free-Soil Party: Ran Martin Van Buren, former Democratic president, in 1848. Gained 10 percent of the popular vote, largely from Whigs but also from some northern Democrats. American (Know-Nothing) Party: Nativist party made striking gains in 1854 congressional elections, attracting both northern and southern Whigs. In 1856, its presidential candidate, Millard Fillmore, won 21 percent of the popular vote. Republican Party: Founded in 1854. Attracted many northern Whigs and northern Democrats. Presidential candidate John C. Fremont won 33 percent of the popular vote in 1856; in 1860, Abraham Lincoln won 40 percent and was elected in a four-way race. The Irrepressible Conflict: Slavery Declaration of Independence:1776: Thomas Jefferson¡¯s denunciation of slavery deleted from the final version. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Slavery Prohibited in the Northwest Territory (North of the Ohio River) Constitution: 1787: Slavery unmentioned but acknowledged in the 3/5 compromise and when Congress prohibits the outlawing of the international slave trade for twenty years. Louisiana Purchase: 1803:Louisiana admitted as a slave state in 1812; no decision about the rest of the Louisiana Purchase. Missouri Compromise: 1820: Missouri admitted as a slave state, no slavery above 36¡ã30¡ä. Wilmot Proviso: 1846: Proposal to prohibit slavery in territory that might be gained in Mexican-American War causes splits in national parties. Compromise of 1850: Mexican Cession will be decided by popular sovereignty, Texas a slave state, stronger fugitive slave laws. Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854: At the urging of Stephen A. Douglas, Congress opens Kansas and Nebraska Territories for settlement under popular sovereignty. Open warfare between proslavery and antislavery factions breaks out in Kansas. Lecompton Constitution: 1857: President James Buchanan¡¯s decision to admit Kansas to the Union with a proslavery constitution is defeated in congress Dred Scott Decision: 1857: The Supreme Court under Roger B. Taney denies Dred Scott his freedom and upholds the stance that slaves are property. This is widely accepted in the South and condemned in the North. John Brown¡¯s Raid and Execution:1859: Northern support for John Brown shocks the South Democratic Party nominating conventions: 1860: The Democrats are unable to agree on a candidate; two candidates one northern (Stephen A. Douglas) and one southern (John C. Breckinridge), split the party and the vote, thus allowing Republican Abraham Lincoln to win. Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, 1865-1870 13th Amendment: Ratified December 1865: Prohibits slavery in the United States. 14th Amendment: Ratified July 1868 (After Congress made it a requirement for readmission of Ex-Confederate States to the Union: Conferred national citizenship on all persons born or naturalized in the United States. Reduced state representation in Congress proport ionally for any state disfranchising male citizens Denied former Confederates the right to hold state or national office. Repudiated Confederate debt th 15 Amendment: Ratified March 1870 (Required for readmission of Virginia, Texas, Mississippi, and Georgia) Prohibited denial of suffrage because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude Major Indian Treaties and Legislation of the Late Nineteenth Century Nez Perc¨¦ Treaty: 1863: Signed illegally on behalf of the entire tribe, in which the Nez Perc¨¦ abandoned 6 million acres of land in return for a small tribe reservation in northeastern Oregon. Led to Nez Perc¨¦ wars, which ended in 1877 with the surrender of Chief Joseph. Medicine Lodge Treaty:1867: Assigned reservations in existing Indian Territory to Comanches, Plains, Apaches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, bringing these tribes together with Sioux, Shoshones, Bannocks, and Navajos. Treaty of Fort Laramie:1868: Successfully ended Red Cloud¡¯s war by evacuating federal troops from Sioux territory along the Bozeman Trail; additionally granted Sioux ownership of the western half of South Dakota and rights to use Powder River in Wyoming and Montana. End to Treaty System in 1871 Dawes Severalty Act:1887: Divided communal tribal land, granting the right to petition for citizenship to those Indians who accepted the individual land allotment of 160 acres. Successfully undermined their sovereignty. Currents of Progressivism Local Communities: Jane Addams and Lillian Wald- Improving health, education, welfare in urban immigrant neighborhoods. Florence Kelley- Child labor, eight-hour day Frederic C. Howe- Celebrating immigrant cultures Samuel Jones- Reforming urban politics, municipal ownership/regulation of utilities State: Robert M. Lafollete- Limiting the power of railroads, other corporations (would run for president as head of the progressive party in 1924) Hiram Johnson- Improving civil service Al Smith- Promoted direct democracy and applying academic scholarship to human needs National: James K. Vardaman- Disfranchisement of African AMericans Hoke Smith- ¡°Trustbusting¡± Theodore Roosevelt- Conservation and Western development Woodrow Wilson- National regulation of corporate and financial excesses, as well as reform of national banking Intellectual/Cultural: Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and S.S. McClureMuckracking various topics (Meatpacking, labor, coal mines, children, racism, mentally challenged treatment John Dewey- Education reform Louis Brandeis- Sociological jurisprudence Edwin A. Ross- Empowering ¡°ethical elite¡± Key Legislation of the First New Deal (Hundred Days) March-June 1933 Emergency Banking Relief Act: Enlarged federal authority over private banks, gave government loans to private banks, ended the bank crisis Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):Unemployment relief and the conservation of natural resources Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA):Direct federal money for relief, funneled through state and local governments (One federal dollar for every three state dollars put towards relief) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA):Federal farm aid based on parity pricing and subsidy Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):Economic development through conservation and cheap electricity for Tennessee Valley National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA):Self-regulating industrial codes to revive economic activity Public Works Administration (PWA):Federal public works projects to increase employment and consumer spending Key Legislation of the Second New Deal (1935-1938) Emergency Relief Appropriation Act:1935: Large-scale public works program for the jobless. Includes the Works Project Administration (WPA) and then in turn the Federal Arts, Theater, and Music Projects (FAP, FTP, and FMP) Social Security Act:1935: Federal old-age pensions and unemployment insurance National Labor Relations Act (NLRA):1935: Federal guarantee of right to organize trade unions and collective bargaining Resettlement Administration:1935: Relocation of poor rural families (away from Dust Bowl) as well as promoting reforestation and soil erosion projects National Housing Act:1937: Federal funding for public housing and slum clearance Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA):1938: Federal minimum wage and maximum hours Major Cold War Policies Truman Doctrine: 1947: Pledged the United States to the containment of communism in Europe and elsewhere. The doctrine was the foundation of Truman¡¯s foreign policy. It impelled the United States to support any nation whose stability was threatened by communism or the Soviet Union. Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program:1947: Established by Executive Order 9835, this barred Communists and fascists from federal employment and outlined procedures for investigating current and prospective federal employees. Marshall Plan:1947: U.S. program to aid war-torn Europe, also known as the European Recovery Program. The Marshall Plan was a cornerstone in the U.S. use of economic policy to contain communism. National Security Act:1947: Established Department of Defense (to coordinate the three armed service), the National Security Council (to advise the president on security issues), and the Central Intelligence Agency (to gather and evaluate intelligence data). Smith-Mundt Act:1948: Launched an overseas campaign of anti-Communist propaganda. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):1948: A military alliance of twelve nations formed to deter possible aggression of Soviet Union against Western Europe. NSC-68:1950: National Security Council Paper calling for an expanded and aggressive U.S. defense policy, including greater military spending and higher taxes. Internal Security Act (Also known as the McCarran Act and Subversive Activities Control Act):1950: Legislation providing for the registration of all Communist and totalitarian groups and authorizing the arrest of suspect persons during a national emergency. Psychological Strategy Board created:1951: Created to coordinate anti-Communist propaganda campaigns. Immigration and Nationality Act (Also known as McCarran Walter Immigration Act):1952: Reaffirmed the national origins quota system but tightened immigration controls, barring homosexuals and people considered subversive from entering the United States. Landmark Civil Rights Legislation, Supreme Court Decisions, and Executive Orders Missouri v, ex.rel.Gaines: 1939: Required University of Missouri Law School either to admit African Americans or build another fully equal law school. Executive Order 8802 (By FDR):1941: Banned racial discrimination in defense industry and government offices; established Fair Employment Practices Committee to investigate violations. Morgan v. Virginia:1946: Ruled that segregation on interstate buses violated federal law and created an ¡°undue burden¡± on interstate commerce. Executive order 9981 (By Truman):1948: Desegregated the U.S. armed forces McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents:1950: Ruled that forcing an African American student to sit, eat, and study in segregated facilities was unconstitutional because it inevitably created a ¡°badge of inferiority¡±. Sweatt v. Painter: 1950: Ruled that an inferior law school created by the University of Texas to serve African Americans violated their right to equal protection and ordered Herman Sweatt to be admitted to University of Texas Law School Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I:1954: Declared, ¡°separate educational facilities are inherently unequal¡± this overturning Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and the ¡°separate but equal¡± doctrine as it applied to public schools. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II:1955: Ordered school desegregation to begin with ¡°all deliberate speed,¡± but offered no timetable. Civil Rights Act of 1957: 1957: Created Civil Rights Division within the Justice Department Civil Rights Act of 1964:1964: Prohibited discrimination in employment and most places of public accommodation on basis of race, color, religion, sec, or national origin outlawed bias in federally assisted programs; created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Voting Rights Act:1965: Authorized federal supervision of voter registration in states and counties where fewer than half of voting age residents were registered; outlawed literacy and other discriminatory tests in voter registration. Protest Movement of the 1960¡¯s Students for a Democratic Society (SDS): 1962: Organization of college students that became the largest national organization of left-wing white students. Calling for ¡°Participatory Democracy,¡± SDS involved students in community-based campaigns against poverty and for citizens¡¯ control of neighborhoods. SDS played a prominent role in the campaign to end the war in Vietnam. Free Speech Movement: 1964: Formed at the University of California Berkeley to protest the banning of on-campus political fund-raising. Decried the bureaucratic character of the ¡°multiuniversity¡± and advocated an expansion of student rights. Anti-Vietnam War Movement: 1965: Advocated grass-roots operation to U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia. By 1970 a national mobilization committee organized a demonstration of a half-million protesters in Washington D.C. La Raza: 1965: A movement of Chicano youtg to advance the cultural and political selfdetermination of Mexican Americans. La Raza included the Brown Berets, which addressed community issues and regional civil rights groups such as the Crusade for Social Justice, formed in 1965. Black Power: 1966: Militant movement that emerged from the civil rights campaigns to advocate independent institutions for African Americans and pride in black culture and African heritage. The idea of Black Power, a term coined by Stokely Carmichael, inspired the formation of the paramilitary Black Panthers. American Indian Movement (AIM): 1968: Organization formed to advance the selfdetermination of Indian peoples and challenge the authority of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Its most effective tactic was occupation. In February 1973, AIM insurgents protesting land and treaty violations occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota, the location of an 1890 massacre, until the FBI and BIA agents drove them out Women¡¯s Liberation: 1968: Movement of mainly young women that took shape following a protest at the Miss America Beauty pageant, Impatient with the legislative reforms promoted by the National Organization for Women, founded in 1966, activists developed their own agenda shaped by the slogan ¡°The Personal Is Political.¡± Activists included the formation of ¡°¡±consciousness-raising¡± groups and the establishment of women¡¯s studies programs. Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA): 1968: Formed at the University of California Berkeley, the AAPA was one of the first pan-Asian political organizations to struggle against racial oppression. The AAPA encouraged Asian Americans to claim their own cultural identity and to protest the war against Asian peoples in Vietnam. Gay Liberation: 1969: Movement to protest discrimination against homosexuals and lesbians that emerged after the Stonewall Riots in New York City. Unlike earlier organizations such as the Mattachine Society, which focused on civil rights. Gay Liberationists sought to radically change American society and government, which they believed were corrupt.