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WORLD HISTORY UNIT 2 – POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD - KEY Time – 55 minutes 70 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and place the letter of your choice in the corresponding box on the student answer sheet. There will be a guessing penalty of .25 points for each wrong answer. Questions from previous AP exams are marked with an “*”. Note: This exam uses the chronological designations B.C.E. (before the common era) and C.E (common era). These labels correspond to B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (anno Domini) which are used in some world history textbooks. 1. Cyril and Methodius were responsible for what accomplishment? 4. When the Japanese emperor moved his government from Nara to Heian, (A) The ending of the iconoclastic controversy (B) The creation of a written script for the Slavic language to aid in Christian evangelism to the Slavs (C) The conversion of Poland and Czechoslovakia to Orthodox Christianity (D) The conversion of Poland and Czechoslovakia to Roman Catholicism (E) The recapturing of much of the territory of the Roman Empire (A) Buddhism ceased to play a major role in Japanese society. (B) the scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the examination system. (C) the aristocracy took over most of the positions in the central government and a period of “high culture” flourished. (D) Shintoism was formally suppressed. (E) he centralized his power and tightened control over the aristocracy. 2. As a result of imperial suppression under the late Tang Dynasty, 5. With his defeat of the Chen, Wendi ended the civil war of the Era of Six Dynasties and (A) monastic orders continued to exert political influence and control landed wealth as they did in the first decades of Tang rule. (B) Buddhism was restored as the primary religion of the state during the Song dynasty. (C) Buddhism gained much underground support, which eventually led to its becoming the prominent religion of China. (D) Buddhism was eradicated in China. (E) Buddhism survived, but in a reduced state without much political influence. (A) worked to ban Confucianism in China. (B) actively promoted the spread of Buddhism in East Asia. (C) recentralized power in China by establishing the Sui dynasty. (D) returned to the Legalist principles of government characteristic of the Qin under Shi Huangdi. (E) built an impressive terra cotta army to immortalize his greatness. 3. What institutions were responsible for the regulation of apprenticeship, guarantee of good workmanship, and admission to various trades in western Europe during the Middle Ages? 6. Karakorum was (A) the consultative assembly of Mongol males used to elect leaders. (B) the name for Mongol rule in Russia. (C) one of Chinggis Khan’s sons who ruled the Golden Horde. (D) the battle in which the Mongols were defeated by the Russians. (E) the new capital constructed by Chinggis Khan for his empire. (A) Church (B) Monasteries (C) Feudal monarchies (D) Serfs (E) Guilds 1 *7. The growth of Islam in West Africa before 1450 was largely the result of the 10. Which of the following reforms was NOT established by Chinggis Khan to provide for a lasting peace in his domains? (A) influence of Muslim traders from the north involved in the trans-Saharan trade (B) multiple conquests by Arab armies from North Africa (C) lack of powerful sub-Saharan states able to resist Muslim influences (D) grassroots movements among poor Muslims who demanded that the ruling and commercial classes respect their religion (E) reaction to the violence associated with the Atlantic slave trade (A) A script was devised for the Mongolian language to facilitate keeping records. (B) A legal code was promulgated to prevent feuds between Mongol clans. (C) Chinese and Islamic bureaucrats were strictly banned from service in the Mongol administration. (D) Farmers were taxed to support the Mongol courts and military expeditions. (E) He tolerated all religions in his empire. *8. Which of the following was a reason for the rapid expansion of Islam into central Asia and eastern Europe during the seventh and eighth centuries? 11. What was the primary political cause of the schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches by 1200 C.E.? (A) disputes over doctrinal differences (B) disputes between bishops concerning taxation of church lands (C) disagreements over the supremacy of the pope vs. patriarch as head of the Christian church (D) jealousy over the control of trade routes (E) disagreements between kings and church leaders (A) The economic growth of the Mughal empire (B) The advanced military technology of the Islamic forces (C) The political divisions within the Byzantine and other neighboring empires, like the Persian (D) The political unity of the North African peoples (E) The advent of moveable type, which made the Qu’ran widely available 12. Which of the following statements concerning the Mongol conquest of Song China is most accurate? 9. Which of the following does NOT REPRESENT a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe? (A) The Mongols were unable to establish political control over the Song dynasty. (B) Song China, because of its relative weakness, capitulated within two years after the initiation of the Mongol conquest. (C) The campaigns against the Song were interrupted by power struggles among the Mongols, but took slightly more than five years. (D) Due to the difficulty of the campaign, the Mongols abandoned the effort to conquer China. (E) Song China proved one of the toughest areas for the Mongols to conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to subdue. (A) Civilization spread northward in the case of eastern Europe, but to the south in western Europe. (B) During most of the postclassical period, major portions of eastern Europe were significantly more advanced in political organization. (C) Eastern Europe maintained important features of the late Roman Empire directly, whereas Western leaders turned to much more selective borrowing. (D) The forms of Christianity adopted in eastern and western Europe differed. (E) Eastern Europe maintained contact with other parts of the world, while western Europe’s global interaction was curtailed by the Germanic invasions. 2 13. Which of the following statements concerning the nomadic society of the Mongols prior to the establishment of the empire is NOT accurate? 16. Which of the following is the best description of Neo-Confucianism? (A) a type of feminist Confucianism that supported female rulers like Empress Wu (B) a synthesis of Chan Buddhism and Hinduism (C) Buddhist monasteries monopolizing the banking institutions in China (D) Confucianism without ancestor worship (E) a simplified set of Confucian rules combined with Daoist and Buddhist ideas that reinforced patriarchy and the subordination of women (A) The Mongols were primarily herders of cattle and horses. (B) The basic economic unit of the Mongols was the tribe. (C) Mongol leaders were selected by all free males for as long as they could hold power. (D) The Mongols were capable of forming tribal confederations in times of war. (E) The basic unit of Mongol society was the tribe. 17. In what way did the ruling elites in Japan NOT implement the Chinese model? 14. What monk was responsible for the creation of a set of rules for Western monasteries in the 6th century? (A) they mastered Chinese architectural styles (B) they copied the style of centralized government (C) they converted to Buddhism (D) They required elite women to bind their feet (E) They learned the Chinese written language (A) Basil (B) Bernard of Clairvaux (C) Benedict of Nursia (D) Boniface VIII (E) Cyril 15. Which of the following statements concerning the Tang dynasty’s attitude toward Buddhism is most accurate? *18. The Crusades launched by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by (A) Under the Tang, Buddhism became the official religion of the state. (B) After initial attempts to suppress Buddhism, later Tang emperors actually resuscitated the Buddhist monasteries, particularly in southern China. (C) Although Empress Wu attempted to have Buddhism recognized as the official religion of the state, later emperors persecuted Buddhism as an economic threat to the state. (D) From the outset, Buddhism was persecuted under the Tang. (E) Although Tang rulers disliked the practice of Buddhism, they adopted a policy of toleration. (A) the desire of Italian city-states to seize control of the spice trade from Central Asian and Chinese merchants (B) the desire to demonstrate Europe’s new technological supremacy over Islam (C) resentment toward Islamic missionaries seeking to spread their faith along the Mediterranean (D) western European fears that Byzantium and Muslim kings would launch a military attack against western Europe (E) Papal efforts to unite western European rulers and nobles in support of the papacy, ostensibly under the claim of re-conquering the holy land 3 *19. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 10001300 C.E.? 22. What was a fundamental difference between European and Japanese feudalism? (A) The political structure in western Europe was more decentralized (B) The ties binding knights to lords in western Europe were more contractual and not based on the personal loyalty between a Samurai and his lord (C) Serfdom in Japan was not a hereditary institution (D) Japanese feudalism was more tied to long-distance trade (E) The emperor in Japan exercised more authority than the king in western Europe (A) Western Europe developed multiple feudal monarchies while China maintained a single empire (B) Developments in the legal systems of China emphasized individual political rights while western Europe concentrated on maritime law (C) Both societies began an aggressive policy of imperialism and territorial expansion (D) Both societies gradually adopted a representative democratic system (E) Both regions experienced Mongol imperial rule *23. The rise of the Mongol Empire included all of the following EXCEPT 20. The Tale of Genji described (A) the spread of Christianity (B) an empire that extended across parts of Europe and Asia (C) an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Japan (D) the spread of the plague (E) the growth of trade across Central Asia (A) the military organization of the Bakufu in Kamakura. (B) the life at the imperial court at Heian. (C) the structure of society under the Ashikaga Shogunate. (D) the travels of an imperial emissary in China. (E) how the Ashikaga Shoguns came to power. 24. Which of the following is the most important effect of the Islamic expansion on the civilization of Western Europe? *21. Which of the following was an important factor that helped the eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) survive while the western Roman Empire collapsed? (A) The influence of Indian architecture on Gothic cathedrals (B) The development of theocracies in the Holy Roman Empire (C) The conversion of large areas of southern Italy to Islam (D) The diffusion of Greek and Arab learning from east to west and west to east (E) The promotion of religious reform movements in the Catholic Church (A) Its status as headquarters of Roman Catholic Christianity gave it social unity that helped it resist invaders. (B) It had a loyal army, a skilled bureaucracy, and great reserves of wealth based on agriculture. (C) It followed an expansionist foreign policy to conquer northern European lands by the Germanic tribes (D) It could rely on its defensive alliance with the Persian Empire for protection against European invaders (E) It was not an attractive target for conquest because it was isolated from trade routes and had little wealth 4 *25. Islamic and Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 C.E. – 1200 C.E.) shared which of the following characteristics? 29. How did the spread of Christianity affect the polytheistic religions already present in northern Europe? (A) An imperial bureaucracy based on an examination system (B) The abolition of slavery (C) Battles over control of religious sites (D) Extensive urbanization and maritime trade (E) Strict monogamy for uncontested succession (A) All traces of those earlier religions were eradicated. (B) Conversion produced a religious amalgam of Christianity and beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits. (C) Many areas of Europe retained purely polytheistic religions. (D) Christianity achieved few conversions, and most of Europe retained polytheistic religions. (E) In order to gain converts, Christianity allowed people to continue certain polytheistic rituals. 26. Which of the following statements concerning the manorial system is NOT true? (A) It was comprised of essentially selfsufficient manors. (B) It had originated in the Roman Empire. (C) Its obligations bore heavily on serfs. (D) Agricultural productivity was low. (E) It was technologically sophisticated. 30. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, in which direction did classical culture shift? (A) Southwest to the former Roman colony of Spain (B) Nowhere; it stayed in Italy, particularly Rome (C) Northeast toward the central plains of northern Europe (D) to Greece (E) East to Constantinople 27. During what period did the nomads of central Asia impact the other global civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere in the postclassical era? (A) 800 to 1000 (B) 900 to 1100 (C) 1100 to 1300 (D) 1200 to 1400 (E) 1300 to 1500 31. Vassals were (A) Grants of land given to lesser members of the military elite in return for military service. (B) Agricultural laborers, also known as serfs. (C) Members of the military elite in western Europe who received land in return for military service and pledges of loyalty to superiors (e.g. Lords to the king). (D) Merchants in western Europe who received special permission to engage in commerce between manors during the medieval perios. (E) Special oaths made between lesser and greater lords. *28. The Byzantine Empire achieved which of the following? (A) The introduction of Benedictine monasticism to Ireland (B) The conversion of many Slavic peoples to Christianity (C) The unification of Christians under the pope of Rome (D) The conquest of both Nubia and Ethiopia (E) The legal toleration of religious minorities 5 32. Under the first Sui emperor Wendi 35. What Frankish monarch was able to establish a substantial empire in 800? (A) Confucianism was revitalized and the scholar-gentry gained dominance in government. (B) the Buddhists were persecuted to the point of annihilation. (C) the merchant class gained much social prestige in China and were elevated over peasants in the social hierarchy. (D) the Grand Canal was constructed. (E) ever-ready granaries were created to relieve the threat of famine. (A) Clovis (B) Charles Martel (C) Pepin III (D) Charlemagne (E) Louis 36. The imperial title formerly held by the Carolingians was later claimed by: (A) France (B) Italy (C) England (D) Switzerland (E) The Holy Roman Empire 33. Ending the dispute between the Taira and Minamoto clans in Japan during the late Heian period, the Gempei Wars signaled the end of strong imperial rule and the beginning of 37. Bushido refers to were (A) a centralized Confucian bureaucracy staffed by Chinese scholars from the mainland. (B) the Japanese feudal age under the shoguns. (C) Japanese industrialization and opening under the Meji. (D) the long period of cultural and economic isolation under the Tokugawa. (E) a period of cross-cultural communication and trade with Russia and the United States. (A) warrior leaders in the 10th century who controlled provincial areas of Japan from small fortresses. (B) mounted troops who served the provincial military elite. (C) curved swords introduced into Japanese warfare at the time. (D) the code of loyalty between a Samurai and his lord; similar to the western European concept of chivalry (E) people who worked the rice fields. 38. Samurai were 34. What made possible the rapid revival of the empire under the Tang? (A) provincial military commanders based in small fortresses. (B) close advisors to the emperor. (C) curved swords introduced into Japanese warfare in the 10th century. (D) mounted troops who served the provincial military elite in feudal Japan. (E) aristocratic families who dominated the central administration at Heian. (A) The abandonment of Confucianism in favor of the more widely practiced Buddhism (B) The brevity of the period of political dislocation (C) The willingness of the Tang to abandon traditional approaches to government (D) The preservation in the many kingdoms of the Confucian traditions that had been central to Chinese civilization (E) The government’s focus on using people with practical technical skills as opposed to the scholar-gentry 6 39. Which of the following statements concerning entry into the Chinese bureaucracy during this time period is most accurate? 42. Islam in west Africa (A) was popular with most elements of society. (B) converted the kings and elites first without necessarily affecting the masses. (C) interested merchants alone. (D) confronted an entrenched Christian religion, which resisted conversion. (E) had little lasting effect on the area. (A) Although a higher percentage of candidates under the Tang received office through the examination system than during the Han dynasty, birth continued to be important in securing high office. (B) Under the Tang, family connections ceased to be of significance. (C) Although the examination system continued to be monitored, almost all officials received positions as a result of family connections. (D) The examination system was eliminated during the Tang dynasty, and only members of the imperial family served in the bureaucracy. (E) The government strove to allow fair access to all people who could demonstrate talent. 43. Pastoral nomads from the central Asian steppe who had threatened sedentary cultures throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT: (A) Indo-Europeans. (B) Hsiung-nu (Huns). (C) Scythians. (D) Turks. (E) Bantu. 44. The major demographic change in China between 500 and 1000 C.E. was the 40. Manorialism was the system that (A) decline of cities as populations moved to the countryside. (B) widespread migration of Chinese to foreign lands. (C) population decrease in the north due to frequent nomadic raids. (D) large population increase in the south around the Yangtze. (E) internal migration of the populace from rural to urban areas. (A) Described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers. (B) Secular authorities utilized to name bishops. (C) Defined relationships between members of the military elite. (D) United the traditions of classical rationalism with medieval Christianity. (E) Provided a comfortable living for all involved 45. As had Hammurabi’s Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian’s Code (Byzantine) 41. Islam was spread through west and east Africa as well as southeast Asia by (A) dealt primarily with church law and religious issues. (B) became the basic law code for his state, and influenced future law codes. (C) led to internal disruptions and faced harsh opposition. (D) greatly influenced the laws of Islam. (E) deviated sharply from previous legal traditions when it sought to create a new tradition. (A) jihad or holy war. (B) mass conversions ordered by the rulers and monarchs. (C) wandering Sufi mystics. (D) merchants who established Muslim families and traditions. (E) migration to the areas by large groups of Muslims. 7 46. When the Mongols divided their empire, the only region that did not become a center for one of their khanates was 50. Serfs differed from slaves in that (A) serfs were largely commercialized artisans while slaves were agricultural. (B) serfs were ethnically Europeans while slaves were Muslims, pagans, and Africans. (C) they could not be bought or sold, and owned some of the land they farmed. (D) serfs could serve in the military, while slaves could not. (E) slaves frequently were better educated and lived in towns. (A) Iran and Mespotamia. (B) central Asia. (C) India. (D) East Asia. (E) the steppes of Russia, the Ukraine, and Siberia. 47. The technological advance that facilitated Chinese overseas trade was (A) the Grand Canal. (B) sericulture or the production of silk. (C) the manufacture of paper. (D) the introduction of gunpowder. (E) maritime tools such as the compass and the junk. 51. The only indigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was (A) Mahayana Buddhism. (B) the imperial administration. (C) written characters. (D) Shinto. (E) court etiquette and protocol. 48. The first state in Russia arose when (A) nomadic pastoralists established a sedentary Jewish state. (B) Byzantine missionaries converted Russian farmers. (C) Scandinavian traders set up a government along their trade route. (D) Arabs who conquered the area established a province of the Muslim empire. (E) Catholic influences from western Europe invaded the region. 52. In Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, the class that most welcomed Chinese influence and culture was (A) the local aristocrats. (B) the court bureaucrats (scholargentry). (C) peasants. (D) Buddhist monks. (E) the merchants. 49. The high level of Chinese literacy during this time period was due to 53. One problem facing historians who study the Mongols is: (A) free schooling for all classes of society. (B) the introduction of an alphabet during the Song dynasty. (C) the invention of movable-type printing and cheap paper. (D) the simplicity of the Chinese system of writing. (E) priests and Confucian theology, which insisted that Heaven wanted all people to be able to read and to write the Confucian classics. (A) lack of primary sources. (B) inability to translate the Mongolian language and its literature. (C) all contemporary chroniclers used exaggeration and hyperbole to describe the Mongols. (D) the bias of historical accounts, written by those defeated by the Mongols. (E) the Mongols never wrote anything down, leaving no written records. 8 54. Kubilai Khan’s major concern in governing China was (A) creating integrated Chinese and Mongol military units. (B) to avoid the Mongols being assimilated by Chinese culture and practices. (C) the conversion of the Chinese to Islam. (D) educating Mongol leaders and elites in Chinese Confucian culture. (E) reestablishing the Confucian civil service exams and scholar-bureaucrats. *57. The building shown above is an example of 55. One of the strengths of Islam which made it a successful universalizing religion similar to Christianity was its (A) the integration of Roman style into indigenous African architecture (B) military defense efforts in the Middle East (C) the diverse architecture of 15th century North America (D) the polytheistic activity of early Bedouin society (E) Islamic adaptation to local culture and conditions (A) use of a common language, Arabic, to unite all members. (B) insistence that there was only one God. (C) support for merchants and commercial values. (D) egalitarianism that transcended previous clan loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances. (E) condemnation of violence as incompatible with faith. 58. In comparison to the fall of the Roman Empire, changes in the Arab caliphate (A) had few repercussions on its inhabitants (B) were not due to outside invasions by pastoral nomads (C) produced prolonged economic and political confusion in the Middle East (D) left no religious institutions to support the Islamic faith (E) were not dramatic or sudden but occurred gradually over several centuries *56. After the sixth century, Byzantine emperors maintained political unity primarily by (A) easing control of the Mediterranean provinces (B) making dynastic marriages and diplomatic alliances (C) hiring mercenary Christian armies to fight invaders from East Asia (D) applying greater pressure on Muslim Africa (E) sharing political power with the large merchant class 9 *61. Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims on the authority of the Qu’ran? (A) All earthly existence is merely an illusion (B) Muhammad is God (C) The soul may be reborn in another earthly form after the death of the individual (D) Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity (E) The cow is a sacred animal, and eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act *59. The map above demonstrates which of the following about Indian Ocean trade? *62. In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the following developments partially resulted from knowledge of Greek science and technology? (A) Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast (B) Europeans were active in bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean (C) Trade involved most regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China (D) The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk (E) Arab and Indian merchants were better traders than the Chinese (A) Japanese temple design in Kyoto (B) Christian theology in the Roman Empire (C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad (D) Mongol military tactics in Central Asia (E) Inca bridge design in the Andes *63. Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer and why? *60. A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of (A) Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters (B) The Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry (C) The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier commercial and industrial revolutions (D) Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces (A) Iron and copper mining techniques (B) The flying shuttle and spinning jenny (C) The science of optics and lens design (D) Numerals and the decimal system (E) Gunpowder and cannons *64. Which of the following groups of people entered the Middle East in the eleventh century C.E. and came to dominate most of Anatolia? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 10 Greeks Armenians Turks Arabs Slavs *65. Which of the following best describes patriarchal gender systems? (A) (B) (C) (D) Women are not allowed to work Women are confined to the home Women can be bought and sold Women are inferiors and must be protected by men (E) Women are not allowed by men to serve as political rulers *66. Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 C.E. as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Arabic Chinese Latin Sanskrit Swahili *67. Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government’s decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean by the mid 15th century? *68. The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city (A) Armed resistance from Arab navies (B) Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade (C) The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons (D) Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security (E) Fear of the spread of the plague to China (A) Was located on an island (B) Was highly fortified against outside attacks (C) Tolerated many religions (D) Looked down on trade and commerce (E) Valued and rewarded people of all classes *69. The responsibilities of aristocratic women in both feudal Japan and medieval Europe usually included (A) Directing religious festivals (B) Managing household supplies and finances (C) Representing their families in courts of law (D) Training their sons to be warriors (E) Overseeing village schools and hospitals 11 *70. The map above indicates that (A) Mali, Songhai and the other grassland kingdoms, as well as the Swahili city states, were major sources of trade in gold and other products (B) Slavery existed in the western Sudan (C) Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa (D) Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East (E) Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold 12