Download Study Guide for GLO Conceptual Physics

Study Guide for GLO and Final Exam Conceptual Physics
SP1.a Calculate average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration in a given
frame of reference
Topics: Average velocity, instantaneous velocity, acceleration
Average velocity:
the change in displacement divided by the change in time.
The slope of the secant line of a displacement-time graph over a given interval.
You should be able to determine speed by displacement over time. An example would be
from A to B which is 3 m divided by the time which is equal to 3 s so the speed is 1m/s.
Problems:
1. What is the speed of the cart from A to C?
2. What is the speed of the cart from C to E?
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Instantaneous velocity: (v=∆s/∆t) The derivative of the displacement-time graph
function at a given point.
Acceleration (a vector quantity) is the rate of change of velocity in a given direction
(in m/s/s of m/s2).
SP1.b Compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities.
Topics: Scalar, vector
 Velocity (a vector quantity) is speed in a given direction (m/s)
 Displacement (a vector quantity) is a measured distance in a given direction in ( ).
 Speed (a scalar quantity) is the rate at which a moving object covers distance in (m/s)
To have a scalar quantity, you do not have direction (distance, time)
SP1.c Compare graphically and algebraically the relationships among position, velocity,
acceleration, and time.
Topics: Position, velocity, acceleration, time
In one dimension, velocity is almost exactly the same as what we normally call speed. The speed
of an object (relative to some fixed reference frame) is a measure of "how fast" the object is
going--and coincides precisely with the idea of speed that we normally use in reference to a
moving vehicle. Velocity in one-dimension takes into account one additional piece of
information that speed, however, does not: the direction of the moving object. Once a
coordinate axis has been chosen for a particular problem, the velocity v of an object moving at a
speed s will either be v = s , if the object is moving in the positive direction, or v = - s , if the
object is moving in the opposite (negative) direction.
(http://www.sparknotes.com/physics/kinematics/1dmotion/section2.rhtml)
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/motgraph.html
SP1.d Measure and calculate the magnitude of frictional forces and Newton’s three Laws
of Motion.
Problem: What are Newton’s three laws of motion?
1. An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted
upon by an outside force.
2. Net force is equal to mass times acceleration (F=ma).
3. For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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Example of Newton’s first law: A ball rolling down a ramp onto a smooth
(frictionless) surface will continue to roll forever unless an external force acts on it.
A zookeeper has to lift a lion on a stretcher at certain acceleration so the force must
be equal to the mass of the stretcher and the lion times the acceleration needed.
Example of Newton’s third law: Two ice skaters push off of each other. They both
slide backwards.
SP1.e Measure and calculate the magnitude of gravitational forces.
Topics: gravitational force
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Every body attracts every other body with a force, which is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centers of mass.
SP1.f Measure and calculate two-dimensional motion (projectile and circular) by using
component vectors.
• A scalar is a quantity that can be completely specified by its magnitude
• A vector is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
• Some examples of vector quantities are velocity, acceleration, displacement and
forces.
• Vectors can be added graphically, but when adding vectors you must be sure that
they have the same units and that the vectors describe similar quantities.
• The answer found by adding vectors is called the resultant.
The magnitude and direction of the resultant of two perpendicular vectors can be
calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem and the tangent function.
Magnitude of vector → Pythagorean Theorem
Direction of vector → Tangent function
Eg. A person walks 4 blocks north then one block southeast. What is the displacement
and direction of the person? A2 + B2 = C2
42 + 12 = C2
C= 4.123 NE
SP1.g Measure and calculate centripetal force.
Topics: Centripetal force
Gravity provides the centripetal force for objects to remain in motion around another
object (eg. Our moon circles the earth as a satellite. There are many man-made objects
that do the same thing.).
The net force to provide for uniformed circular motion is centripetal acceleration.
F= mass x velocity2 divided by the radius of the circle
Eg. An object orbiting a planet has a mass of 100kg and a velocity of 320m/s. The
diameter of the planet is 9.67x106m. What is the centripetal force?
F= 100 x (320 2) / (4.84 x106)= 2.116 N
Problems:
1. A person who weighs 83kg is on an amusement park ride traveling at a speed
of 3.2m/s has a force of 560N pressing against his back. What is the radius?
2. A speed skater goes around a turn with a 31m radius at a velocity of 6m/s.
What is the mass of the skater if the force is 56N?
F= mass x velocity2 divided by the radius of the circle
SP1.h Determine the conditions required to maintain a body in a state of static
equilibrium.
Topics: Static equilibrium
Definition: Static equilibrium refers to objects that are not moving. There are
many objects that we would like to have in static equilibrium; your kitchen
cabinets or bedroom wall, for example. If an object is in static equilibrium,
there are two very specific things the object is not doing that are important to
understand. It is neither translating nor is it rotating. The first condition, no
translation, requires that the net force (meaning the sum of all forces) acting on
the object must be zero. The second condition, no rotation, requires that the net
torque or moment also be zero.
If a boy is pushing on a wall while standing on a floor, there are equal forces at
work.
The boy’s force =wall force
Gravity is pushing down as much as the floor is pushing
up. Net force is zero.
SP2.a Relate the energy produced through fission and fusion by stars as a driving force in
the universe.
Topics: fission, fusion
Nuclear
Fission
Nuclear
Fusion
Definition:
Fission is the splitting of a large
atom into two or more smaller
ones.
Fusion is the fusing of two or
more lighter atoms into a larger
one.
Natural occurrence of the
process:
Fission reaction does not
normally occur in nature.
Fusion occurs in stars, such as
the sun.
Byproducts of the reaction:
Fission produces many highly
Few radioactive particles are
Nuclear
Fission
Nuclear
Fusion
radioactive particles.
produced by fusion reaction, but
if a fission "trigger" is used,
radioactive particles will result
from that.
Conditions:
Critical mass of the substance
and high-speed neutrons are
required.
High density, high temperature
environment is required.
Energy Requirement:
Takes little energy to split two
atoms in a fission reaction.
Extremely high energy is
required to bring two or more
protons close enough that
nuclear forces overcome their
electrostatic repulsion.
Energy Released:
The energy released by fission is
a million times greater than that
released in chemical reactions;
but lower than the energy
released by nuclear fusion.
The energy released by fusion is
three to four times greater than
the energy released by fission.
Nuclear weapon:
One class of nuclear weapon is a
fission bomb, also known as an
atomic bomb or atom bomb.
One class of nuclear weapon is
the hydrogen bomb, which uses
a fission reaction to "trigger" a
fusion reaction.
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Nuclear fission: process in which a heavy nucleus splits up into lighter nuclei.
Large amounts of energy produced, can be self-sustaining due to chain reactions.
Nuclear fusion: joining of two light nuclei into a heavier one.
All elements were formed by the joining of simple elements into more complex ones.
Our sun does this as it burns and gives electromagnetic waves.
SP2.b Explain how the instability of radioactive isotopes results in spontaneous nuclear
reactions.
Topics: Radioactive isotopes, nuclear reactions
 An isotopic form of an element with an unstable nucleus that stabilizes
itself by emitting ionizing radiation.

A reaction, as in fission, fusion, or radioactive decay, that alters the energy,
composition, or structure of an atomic nucleus.
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the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the
emission of ionizing radiation.
Particle
Nature
Charge
Mass
Penetrative power
Magnetic fields
Alpha ( )
Helium nucleus
+2e
4u
A few cm of air
Stopped by a sheet of
paper
Is affected
Beta ( )
Electron
-e
1/1850 u
A few mm of metal
Stopped by a
cinderblock
Is affected
Gamma ( )
Photon
0
0
Many cm of leadstopped by 2 feet of lead
Not affected
SP3.a Analyze, evaluate, and apply the principle of conservation of energy and measure
the components of work-energy theorem by
• describing total energy in a closed system.
• identifying different types of potential energy calculating kinetic energy given mass and
velocity.
• relating transformations between potential and kinetic energy
Topics: potential energy, kinetic energy, closed system, open system
Potential energy= energy of position
Gravitational potential energy = mass of the object x gravity x height of the object
Eg: A rock with mass 370g sits above a valley at a height of 21meters. What is the gPE
of the object? The constant for gravity is 9.81m/s2
370g x 21m x 9.81m/s2
The SI unit for gPE is J
Kinetic Energy= ½ mv2 and is measured in J
The work energy theorem may be derived for any direction of the force relative to the
displacement. A moving object has kinetic energy, because work was done accelerate the
object from rest to a speed. An object with kinetic energy can perform work.
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Thermal energy of a system is referred to as internal energy—the sum total of the
potential energy and kinetic energy of the particles making up the system.
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Closed systems, on the other hand, are held to be isolated from their environment.
The open systems are systems that allow interactions between its internal elements and the
environment. An open system is defined as a “system in exchange of matter with its
environment, presenting import and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material
components.
Eg: a space probe with mass of 50000 kg is traveling at a speed of 1.1x 104. What is its
KE?
(1/2)(50000)(1.1x104)2 = 3.025 x1012 J
Problems for KE and PE
1. A 65kg rock climber ascends a cliff. What is the climber’s gravitational
potential energy at a point 35m above the base of the cliff?
2. What is the KE of a cheetah running at a speed of 31m/s?
3. A 35kg child has 190J of KE after he sleds down a hill. What is the child’s
speed at the bottom of the hill?
SP3.b Explain the relationship between matter and energy.
Topics: matter, energy
Matter= anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy= the ability to do work
Matter and energy are interchangeable, but neither matter no energy can be destroyed or
created.
(E=mc2)
Energy is equal to mass time the speed of light squared.
SP3.c Measure and calculate the vector nature of momentum.
Topics: momentum
 The rate of change of linear momentum of a particle is directly proportional to the
impressed force acting upon it and takes place in the direction of the impressed force.
 p=mass x velocity
Eg:
1. A 19kg motorcycle is moving at 9m/s. What is its momentum? 19 x 9=171kg-m/s or
171N
2. If the same motor cycle, crashed into a wall causing it to stop in 0.05s, what will the
force be? 19kg from the above problem is the mass. 9m/s was the velocity. If the
formula is used for force then F=m x a or (19kg) (0-9m/s/ 0.05s)
19kg x 180m/s2 = -3420.
SP3.d Compare and contrast elastic and inelastic collisions.
Topics: elastic and inelastic collisions
 Elastic collisions are collisions in which mechanical energy is not lost.
 Inelastic collisions are collisions in which mechanical energy is lost.
SP3.e Demonstrate the factors required to produce a change in momentum.
Topics: vector, momentum
For an object to have momentum, some force must have set it in motion, and that force must
have been applied over a period of time, likewise, when the object experiences a collision or any
other event that changes its momentum, that change may be described in terms of a certain
amount of force applied over a certain period of time. Force multiplied by time interval is
impulse, expressed in the formula F · δt,where F is force, δ (the Greek letter delta) means "a
change" or "change in…"; and t is time.
A collision could be a way to change momentum.
SP3.f Analyze the relationship between temperature, internal energy, and work done in
physical system.
Topic: Internal energy, temperature, work
 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a
substance.
 Internal Energy is the thermal energy of a system—the sum total of the potential
energy and kinetic energy of the particles making up the system.
 Heat is the thermal energy that flows from one (high temperature) body to another (of
lower temperature).
 Any time work is done some of the energy put in to do the work is lost as heat.
SP3.g Analyze and measure power.
Topic: power
Power is the rate at which work is performed or the rate at which energy is transmitted.
Power is equal to work/ time.
SP4.a Explain the processes that results in the production and energy transfer of
electromagnetic waves.
Topic: production and transfer of electromagnetic waves
 Waves that travel through a material medium are called mechanical waves.
 Waves that carry various forms of light are electromagnetic waves and travel through
space at the speed of light.
SP4.b Experimentally determine the behavior of waves in various media in terms of
reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves.
Topic: Wave behavior, reflection, refraction, diffraction
 The law of reflection: when a wave is reflected, the angle of incidence equals the
angle of reflection and the incident ray, the normal line, and the reflected ray line in
one plane.
 Reflection (fixed end): when a pulse of a string attached to a support hits the wall it
is attached to, it is reflected—inverted with the same shape (undergone a 180 –
degree change in phase).
 Reflection (free end): like above, the pulse comes back but without being inverted.
 Diffraction refers to the phenomena observed when waves are obstructed by
obstacles or pass through apertures. The magnitude of these effects depends on the
wavelength of the waves.
SP4.c Explain the relationship between the phenomena of interference and the principle
of superposition.
Topic: Interference and principle of superposition
 The effect of two separate causes is equal to the sum of the separate causes.
 Constructive interference occurs when two pulses displaced in the direction overlap.
The resultant displacement is the sum of both displacements.
 Destructive interference occurs when two pulses displaced in opposite directions
overlap. The resultant displacement is the difference of both displacements.
 Two waves arriving at a point in phase (points reach maximum at the same time)
with each other will result in constructive interference.
 Two waves arriving at a point in anti-phase with each other will result in destructive
interference.
SP4.d Demonstrate the transfer of energy through different mediums by mechanical
waves.
Topic: Transfer of energy mechanical waves
SP4.e Determine the location and nature of images formed by the reflection or refraction
of light.
Topic: reflection and refraction
Flat mirrors form virtual images by reflection.
Reflection= An amount of light, heat, or sound that is thrown back.
Virtual image= an image from which light rays appear to diverge even thought
they are not actually focused there; a virtual image can not be projected on a
screen.
Concave mirrors can create a real image; a real image that is formed by the
intersection of light rays and which can be projected on a screen.
SP5.a Describe the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy and the
transmission of electrical energy.
Topic: Mechanical energy, electrical energy, transmission of energy
An object that possesses mechanical energy has the ability to do work.
Electrical energy: energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a
conductor
Transmission of energy: Process of transferring electric energy from one point to another in
an electric power system.
SP5.b Determine the relationship among potential difference, current, and resistance in a
direct current circuit.
Topic: Potential difference, current, resistance in a DC circuit
Electric potential difference: the work done moving a positive unit charge from the point
of lower potential to the point of higher potential.
Current:
 An electric current is a flow of electric charge.
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We define electric current as the rate at which charge flows past a given crosssection.
It can also be defined in terms of force per unit length between parallel current
carrying conductors.
The unit of electric current is ampere (A), which stands for coulomb per second.
Resistance:
 Electrical resistance is a measure of how easily charge flows in a material.
 The electrical resistance of a piece of material is defined by the ratio of the potential
difference across the material to the current that flows through it.
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The unit of resistance is volts per ampere (V/A). There is also a standard unit of ohm
Ω that represents the same unit.
The variables of resistance: length, cross-sectional area, resistivity, and temperature.
Resistance is proportional to length, inversely proportional to cross-section area, and
proportional to the temperature.
SP5.c Determine equivalent resistances in series and parallel circuits.
Topic: Series and parallel circuit
Series circuit:
http://electronicsilyasghazi.blogspot.com/2011/04/electricity-circuits.html is where the series circuit came
from. Always try to give a web site to make sure you can go look for more.
Parellel
http://www.physics247.com/physics-tutorial/parallel-circuits.shtml is where the image
came from in case you want to read more.
SP5.d Determine the relationship between moving electric charges and magnetic fields.
Topic: Moving electrical charges and magnetic fields
Moving charge interacts with both electric and magnetic field. Electromagnetic force is as a result of the
interaction of moving charge and these fields. Magnetic and electric fields affect the motion of a charge.
Particles in an magnetic field will line up North-South. We have an electromagnetic field that surrounds the
earth and protects us from particles emitted by the sun.
SP6.a Explain matter as a particle and as a wave.
http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/quantum_theory_waves/inde
x.html
(great read with better drawings than I can do.
SP6.b Describe the Uncertainty Principle.
Topic: Uncertainty Principle
In quantum physics, you encounter the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which says that the
better you know the position of a particle, the less you know the momentum. It also works the
other way around.
SP6.c Explain the differences in time, space, and mass measurements by two observers
when one is in a frame of reference moving at constant velocity parallel to one of the
coordinate axes of the other observer’s frame of reference if the constant velocity is
greater than one tenth the speed of light.
Objective reality is a term associated with this, but actually it means that two independent
observers, studying the same physical phenomenon, would eventually formulate identical laws
of physics in order to account for their observations. Now, two completely independent
observers are likely to choose different systems of units with which to quantify physical
measurements.
SP6.d Describe the gravitational field surrounding a large mass and its effect on a ray of
light.
Very simply put, the larger the mass the greater the gravitational field. Black holes in
space are so dense (large mass consolidated to a small point in space) that they can bend
light from stars that are close to them.