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Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 REVIEW FOR BIOCHEMISTRY TEST 1. Be sure to read over and understand ALL notes and returned work! 2. Be sure you know what the following words mean or what they do: Word Meaning or Function monomer polymer macromolecule enzyme protease catalyst substrate active site 3. How are monosaccharides different from disaccharides? Give an example of each. 4. How is DNA different from RNA? 5. Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms. Identify the saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats below. Which one is the “better” fat to eat? 6. What is the suffix for enzymes? 7. Complete the chart. Polymer Protein What is the suffix for sugars? Fat Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Monomer made 8. Complete the chart explaining the specific characteristics of water. Characteristic What it means cohesion Example surface tension adhesion capillary action polar 1 Name ___________________________________________ 9. Complete the chart. Macromolecule Foods it is in Protein Fat _____ /15 Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Functions What it looks like 10. What is the difference between the following bond types? Which is the strongest? A. Covalent B. Ionic C. Hydrogen D. Metallic 11. What element do all organic compounds have in common? How many bonds can it make? 12. Answer the questions about the following graphs. Graph A Graph B A. Which is higher in graph A, the energy of the reactants or the energy of the products? B. In graph A, what is the difference in the amount of activation energy between the two reactions? C. In graph B, how much more product can be made at 35°C than at 25°C? D. In graph B, what is the optimal (best) temperature to make the most product? E. In graph B, if the temperature was 40°C would you expect there to be more or less product than at 35°C? 13. Can enzymes be used more than once? 2 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 14. Hurricanes are rated on a scale of 1−5 by wind speed as summarized in the table below. Category Wind speed (mph) 1 74−95 2 96−110 3 111−130 4 131−155 5 156+ One source on hurricanes provides the following information about the intensity and occurrence of hurricanes in Texas and Mexico from 1900−2004. Number of Category hurricanes 1 65 2 41 3 50 4 16 5 2 Based only on the information in the tables, for the majority of the hurricanes that will strike the coast near Texas and Mexico, what is the most likely wind speed range, in mph? A. 74−95 B. 96−110 C. 111−130 D. 131−15 15. Dr. Graham has written a paper on the internal temperature of nests of alligator eggs. His data show that temperature determines the sex of the hatchlings. What is the best method of validating the reliability of Dr. Graham’s experiment? A. Dr. Graham should clearly document the experimental process. B. Dr. Graham should repeat the experiment at another time of year. C. Several scientists should repeat the experiment using Dr. Graham’s design. D. Several scientists should observe Dr. Graham as he repeats the experiment. 16. What is the best definition of a scientific theory? A. An explanation of how and why a natural phenomenon behaves the way it does B. A description of an invariable relationship that exists in nature C. A speculation or guess about how nature works D. An unproven fact 17 Ming volunteers for a study to determine whether a certain medication helps people sleep. Volunteers are assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Volunteers in Group 1 are given the medication, and volunteers in Group 2 are given a placebo. Which of the following steps is necessary to ensure the scientific validity of the results? A. Assigning the subjects to each group at random B. Assigning all of the subjects with sleeping problems to the placebo group C. Telling subjects if they are receiving the medicine or the placebo D. Placing 100 volunteers in Group 1 and 10 volunteers in Group 2 3 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 18 Breaking which type of bond would require the most energy? A. Covalent B. Electrostatic C. Hydrogen D. Intermolecular 19. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that can form between a single carbon atom and 1 or more hydrogen atoms? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 20 In glycerol (C3H8O3), there is a hydroxyl group (OH) bound to each of the 3 carbon atoms. The bond between the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group and a carbon atom in glycerol is best classified as what type of bond? A. Covalent B. Hydrogen C. Intermolecular D. Ionic 21. Two students conduct an experiment in which they measure the concentration of an enzyme in a test tube at 1 minute intervals over the course of a chemical reaction. Before beginning the experiment, each of the students makes a prediction about what will happen to the enzyme concentration as the reaction progresses. Student 1 predicts that the concentration of the enzyme in the test tube will significantly decrease as the reaction progresses. Student 2 predicts that the concentration of the enzyme in the test tube will not significantly decrease as the reaction progresses. The results of the experiment will most likely support the prediction of which student? A. Student 1; enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. B. Student 1; enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction. C. Student 2; enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. D. Student 2; enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction. 4 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 22. Which of the following chemical formulas represents an organic molecule? A. H2O B. AgNO3 C. C12H22O11 D. CuSO4 H2O 23. Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme in the human stomach. Antacids cause the pH of the stomach to increase and protein digestion becomes less efficient. What occurs to reduce the efficiency of protein digestion? A. Antacids break the covalent bonds within pepsin. B. Pepsin dissolves antacids in the gastric juice. C. The active site of pepsin changes shape. D. The concentration of pepsin increases. 24. Methane (CH4), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) are gases at room temperature. Water (H2O) has a similar molar mass to these molecules. Why is H2O a liquid at room temperature while CH4, O2, and N2 are not? A. H2O has a lower viscosity. B. H2O has a lower boiling point. C. Adjacent H2O molecules form hydrogen bonds. D. Nonpolar covalent bonds hold H2O molecules together. 25. Which functional group found in amino acids is absent from monosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and glycerol? A. −COOH B. −NH2 C. −OH D. −PO4 26. Papain, an enzyme in papaya, breaks down polymers composed of amino acids. Which of the following substances does papain break down? A. Carbohydrates B. Fatty acids C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins 5 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 27 How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? A. By reducing activation energy B. By reducing energy produced by the reaction C. By increasing activation energy D. By increasing energy produced by the reaction 28. Honey is composed mostly of glucose and fructose. What property of water explains why honey dissolves easily in water? A. Water exhibits strong cohesion. B. Water has a high specific heat. C. Water is a polar molecule. D. Water is easily ionized. 29. Why are organic molecules so diverse? A. They form mirror images of each other. B. They contain oxygen, which has 6 valence electrons. C. They form when any naturally occurring elements combine D. They have carbon skeletons that vary greatly in arrangement. 30. What is the primary factor that determines the polarity of a bond between atoms? A. The total number of electrons involved in the bond B. The total number of protons and neutrons in both atoms C. The difference in the relative attraction of electrons to each atom D. The difference in the relative attraction of protons to each atom 6 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 14. Read the story, study the tables, and then answer the questions that follow. Sarah and David run cross country for Westerville North. The night before a big race, one person eats chicken, rice, and broccoli with a Pepsi to drink. The other person eats a donut and a banana with a glass of orange juice to drink. They both get sick the next morning and a doctor wants to analyze what they ate the night before. Here are the results from the doctor’s tests. Person Test Result Sarah Protein Fat Sugar Starch Pink No light goes through the bag Light orange Blue-black David Protein Fat Sugar Starch Blue Light goes through the bag Orange Yellow-brown Here is a table of what the results mean. Macromolecule Test Positive Result (Yes) a. Protein Pink Fat Light goes through Starch Blue-black Sugar Orange/Green Who had the chicken, rice, broccoli, and Pepsi for dinner? b. Who had the donut, banana, and orange juice for dinner? c. Whose meal gave them macromolecules to build muscle? d. Whose meal gave them the most quick energy? e. Whose body had to use lipase to break down a macromolecule? f. Whose body had to use protease to break down a macromolecule? g. Who will have the most energy for the race the next morning? Negative Result (no) Blue No light goes through Yellow-brown Blue 7 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 REVIEW FOR BIOCHEMISTRY TEST 15. Be sure to read over and understand ALL notes and returned work! 16. Be sure you know what the following words mean or what they do: Word Meaning or Function monomer polymer macromolecule enzyme protease catalyst substrate active site 17. How are monosaccharides different from disaccharides? Give an example of each. 18. How is DNA different from RNA? 19. Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms. Identify the saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats below. Which one is the “better” fat to eat? 20. What is the suffix for enzymes? What is the suffix for sugars? 21. Complete the chart. Polymer Protein Fat Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Monomer made 22. Complete the chart explaining the specific characteristics of water. Characteristic What it means cohesion Example surface tension adhesion capillary action polar 8 Name ___________________________________________ 23. Complete the chart. Macromolecule Foods it is in Protein Fat _____ /15 Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Functions What it looks like 24. What is the difference between the following bond types? Which is the strongest? A. Covalent B. Ionic C. Hydrogen D. Metallic 25. What element do all organic compounds have in common? How many bonds can it make? 26. Answer the questions about the following graphs. Graph A Graph B A. Which is higher in graph A, the energy of the reactants or the energy of the products? B. In graph A, what is the difference in the amount of activation energy between the two reactions? C. In graph B, how much more product can be made at 35°C than at 25°C? D. In graph B, what is the optimal (best) temperature to make the most product? E. In graph B, if the temperature was 40°C would you expect there to be more or less product than at 35°C? 27. Can enzymes be used more than once? 9 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 14. Hurricanes are rated on a scale of 1−5 by wind speed as summarized in the table below. Category Wind speed (mph) 1 74−95 2 96−110 3 111−130 4 131−155 5 156+ One source on hurricanes provides the following information about the intensity and occurrence of hurricanes in Texas and Mexico from 1900−2004. Number of Category hurricanes 1 65 2 41 3 50 4 16 5 2 Based only on the information in the tables, for the majority of the hurricanes that will strike the coast near Texas and Mexico, what is the most likely wind speed range, in mph? A. 74−95 B. 96−110 C. 111−130 D. 131−15 15. Dr. Graham has written a paper on the internal temperature of nests of alligator eggs. His data show that temperature determines the sex of the hatchlings. What is the best method of validating the reliability of Dr. Graham’s experiment? A. Dr. Graham should clearly document the experimental process. B. Dr. Graham should repeat the experiment at another time of year. C. Several scientists should repeat the experiment using Dr. Graham’s design. D. Several scientists should observe Dr. Graham as he repeats the experiment. 16. What is the best definition of a scientific theory? A. An explanation of how and why a natural phenomenon behaves the way it does B. A description of an invariable relationship that exists in nature C. A speculation or guess about how nature works D. An unproven fact 17 Ming volunteers for a study to determine whether a certain medication helps people sleep. Volunteers are assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Volunteers in Group 1 are given the medication, and volunteers in Group 2 are given a placebo. Which of the following steps is necessary to ensure the scientific validity of the results? A. Assigning the subjects to each group at random B. Assigning all of the subjects with sleeping problems to the placebo group C. Telling subjects if they are receiving the medicine or the placebo D. Placing 100 volunteers in Group 1 and 10 volunteers in Group 2 10 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 18 Breaking which type of bond would require the most energy? A. Covalent B. Electrostatic C. Hydrogen D. Intermolecular 19. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that can form between a single carbon atom and 1 or more hydrogen atoms? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 20 In glycerol (C3H8O3), there is a hydroxyl group (OH) bound to each of the 3 carbon atoms. The bond between the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group and a carbon atom in glycerol is best classified as what type of bond? A. Covalent B. Hydrogen C. Intermolecular D. Ionic 21. Two students conduct an experiment in which they measure the concentration of an enzyme in a test tube at 1 minute intervals over the course of a chemical reaction. Before beginning the experiment, each of the students makes a prediction about what will happen to the enzyme concentration as the reaction progresses. Student 1 predicts that the concentration of the enzyme in the test tube will significantly decrease as the reaction progresses. Student 2 predicts that the concentration of the enzyme in the test tube will not significantly decrease as the reaction progresses. The results of the experiment will most likely support the prediction of which student? A. Student 1; enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. B. Student 1; enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction. C. Student 2; enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. D. Student 2; enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction. 11 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 22. Which of the following chemical formulas represents an organic molecule? A. H2O B. AgNO3 C. C12H22O11 D. CuSO4 H2O 23. Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme in the human stomach. Antacids cause the pH of the stomach to increase and protein digestion becomes less efficient. What occurs to reduce the efficiency of protein digestion? A. Antacids break the covalent bonds within pepsin. B. Pepsin dissolves antacids in the gastric juice. C. The active site of pepsin changes shape. D. The concentration of pepsin increases. 24. Methane (CH4), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) are gases at room temperature. Water (H2O) has a similar molar mass to these molecules. Why is H2O a liquid at room temperature while CH4, O2, and N2 are not? A. H2O has a lower viscosity. B. H2O has a lower boiling point. C. Adjacent H2O molecules form hydrogen bonds. D. Nonpolar covalent bonds hold H2O molecules together. 25. Which functional group found in amino acids is absent from monosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and glycerol? A. −COOH B. −NH2 C. −OH D. −PO4 26. Papain, an enzyme in papaya, breaks down polymers composed of amino acids. Which of the following substances does papain break down? A. Carbohydrates B. Fatty acids C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins 12 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 27 How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? A. By reducing activation energy B. By reducing energy produced by the reaction C. By increasing activation energy D. By increasing energy produced by the reaction 28. Honey is composed mostly of glucose and fructose. What property of water explains why honey dissolves easily in water? A. Water exhibits strong cohesion. B. Water has a high specific heat. C. Water is a polar molecule. D. Water is easily ionized. 29. Why are organic molecules so diverse? A. They form mirror images of each other. B. They contain oxygen, which has 6 valence electrons. C. They form when any naturally occurring elements combine D. They have carbon skeletons that vary greatly in arrangement. 30. What is the primary factor that determines the polarity of a bond between atoms? A. The total number of electrons involved in the bond B. The total number of protons and neutrons in both atoms C. The difference in the relative attraction of electrons to each atom D. The difference in the relative attraction of protons to each atom 13 Name ___________________________________________ _____ /15 28. Read the story, study the tables, and then answer the questions that follow. Sarah and David run cross country for Westerville North. The night before a big race, one person eats chicken, rice, and broccoli with a Pepsi to drink. The other person eats a donut and a banana with a glass of orange juice to drink. They both get sick the next morning and a doctor wants to analyze what they ate the night before. Here are the results from the doctor’s tests. Person Test Result Sarah Protein Fat Sugar Starch Pink No light goes through the bag Light orange Blue-black David Protein Fat Sugar Starch Blue Light goes through the bag Orange Yellow-brown Here is a table of what the results mean. Macromolecule Test Positive Result (Yes) h. Protein Pink Fat Light goes through Starch Blue-black Sugar Orange/Green Who had the chicken, rice, broccoli, and Pepsi for dinner? i. Who had the donut, banana, and orange juice for dinner? j. Whose meal gave them macromolecules to build muscle? k. Whose meal gave them the most quick energy? l. Whose body had to use lipase to break down a macromolecule? Negative Result (no) Blue No light goes through Yellow-brown Blue m. Whose body had to use protease to break down a macromolecule? n. Who will have the most energy for the race the next morning? 14