Download World Geography Introduction • is the study of everything on Earth

World Geography Introduction
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________________________________ is the study of everything on Earth, from rocks and rainfall to
people and places.
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______________________________ study how the natural environment influences people, how
people’s activities affect Earth, and how the world is changing.
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Geographers look at many different things including ___________________, _______________,
____________________, ____________________, and _________________________.
Perspectives from Space
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_______________________________ images have provided additional resources for geographers
using a spatial perspective in their study of Earth.
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Improvements in satellite technology and imagery now allow geographers to analyze climate and
vegetation patterns over time.
Who uses Geography?
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People all over the world use geography every day. We use it when we find our way to
____________________ or _______________________ and go on _________________.
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We also use it when we watch the news and read about other countries.
Why use geography?
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Most jobs ____________________ the understanding of geography. An example is a restaurant owner
must find a good location. __________________________ need to know the geography of their
districts. They must understand the issues that are important to the people in the area.
REGIONS
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Regions can be any size. ___________________________, ______________________, and
____________________________________ are examples of large regions.
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Smaller regions include ____________________ and _____________________________.
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Regions can also be divided into smaller areas called _________________________.
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For example, the _________________________ is a sub-region within North America.
Types of Regions
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There are three types of regions:
1. ________________________ 2. ________________________3. _____________________
Formal Regions
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Formal regions can be based on almost any feature or combination of features.
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Those features may include _______________________, _______________________,
______________, ______________________________, or _______________________.
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Physical features might define a formal region, such as the _________________________ in the
western United States.
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For example, an industrial area in the northeastern and Midwestern United States is also a formal
region. This region was once called the ________________________ because so many old factories
there had shut down.
Functional Regions
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Functional regions are made up of different places that are linked together and function as a unit.
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An example of a functional region is a ________________________________.
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The flow of people, trains, subways, and buses link those places together.
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Many functional regions are organized around a central point.
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Surrounding areas are linked to this point. ___________________________________are an example.
Perceptual Regions
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Human perception is the awareness and understanding of the ___________________________
around us.
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Our views are influenced not only by what is in a region but also by what is in us.
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Our _____________________ and ____________________ influence how we perceive the world.
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Perceptual regions reflect human ____________________ and ________________________.
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An example is “_________________________.”
Organizing the Globe
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A _____________________ is a of Earth.
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One of the first things you will notice on the globe is a pattern of ____________________.
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These lines circle the globe in ____________________________________ and
____________________________________ directions.
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This pattern is called a _________________________________.
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The grid is made up of lines of ______________________________ and
____________________________.
Latitude
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Lines of latitude are drawn in an east-west direction.
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Lines of latitude measure the degree of distance __________________ or _________________ of the
____________________________.
Longitude
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Lines of longitude are drawn in a north-south direction.
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As you see these lines of longitude extend from the north pole to the south pole.
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Lines of longitude measure the degree of distance _____________________ or _____________ of the
________________________________.
Latitude and Longitude
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Lines of latitude measure distance north and south of the equator.
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The equator is an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the Earth’s North Pole and
South Pole.
Parallels
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Lines of latitude are also called _____________________________.
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This is because they are always parallel to the equator and each other.
Meridians
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Lines of longitude are also called _________________________________.
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They measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.
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This is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to Greenwich, England to the South Pole.
Measures of Longitude
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Lines of longitude range from 0 degrees on the Prime Meridian to 180 degrees on the meridian in the
mid-Pacific Ocean.
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Meridians west of the prime meridian to 180 degrees are labeled with a W. Those east of the prime
meridian are labeled with an E.
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Unlike lines of latitude, lines of longitude are ______ ________________________ to one another.
Hemispheres
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The globe’s grid does more than help us locate places.
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Geographers also use grid lines to organize the way we look at the world.
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For example the equator divides the globe into two halves or ______________________________.
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The half lying north of the equator is the Northern Hemisphere and the southern half is the Southern
Hemisphere.
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The United States is located in the northern hemisphere. Australia is located in the southern
hemisphere.
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The Prime Meridian and the 180 degree meridian divide the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and
Western Hemisphere
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The Eastern and Western Hemispheres are officially divided in the ___________________ Ocean at 20
degrees W.
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Due to this division along the Prime Meridian and 20 W, all of _____________________________ and
_________________________________ are located in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Continents
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There are seven continents:
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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Asia, the largest continent, is five times the size of Australia, the smallest.
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Landmasses smaller than continents and surrounded by water are called islands.
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______________________________ is the world’s largest island.
Oceans
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The ____________________________ areas of water are the global oceans.
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Geographers divide these oceans into four areas: the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Indian
Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean.
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The ________________________ Ocean is the largest ocean and the world’s largest geographic
feature.
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It is more than 12 times the size of the smallest ocean, the ___________________________.
Maps
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Geographers use maps to study the Earth.
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________________ are _____________ representations of all or parts of Earth’s surface.
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A ___________________________ of maps in one book is called an _______________.
Distance Scales
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A map’s _______________________ helps us determine __________________distances
__________________________ points on a map.
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On _______________________ maps objects are relatively __________________, whereas on
________________________ maps objects are relatively ____________________.
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Some may show just one or two miles while others illustrate a few hundred feet.
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Maps showing larger distances, may cover hundreds and thousands of miles.
Directional Indicators
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A ____________________________________ shows which direction on a map are
________________, __________________, __________________, and __________________.
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Some mapmakers use a north arrow which points toward the North Pole.
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Most maps show _______________________ with a ______________________________.
Compass Rose
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A compass rose has arrows that point to all four ___________________________________ (also
called ________________________________________).
Legends
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A map’s __________________________, or ______________, identifies the symbols on a map and
what they ____________________________________.
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They may show _______________________, __________________________, or
___________________________ to represent many different kinds of features on a map.
Inset Map
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An _______________________________ is another special element.
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Inset maps are used to focus in on a ___________________________ part of a
____________________________ map.
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Some inset maps also show areas that are far away from the main areas of the
______________________________
Climate and Precipitation Maps
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Some mapmakers use maps to show ____________________________________and
__________________________________________.
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_____________________ maps use ____________ to show various climate regions of the world.
Precipitation Maps
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_____________________________maps show average amount precipitation that a region gets
each year.
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_______________________________refers to condensed droplets of water that fall as rain, sleet,
hail, or snow.
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Each map’s ________________________ uses ___________________ to identify those amounts.
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By using the legends, you can see which areas receive the most precipitation.
Population Maps
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___________________________maps give you a snapshot of distribution of people in a region.
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Each color may represent an _________________________________________ of people living
within a square mile.
Economic Maps
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___________________________maps show a region’s important natural resources and the ways
in which land is used.
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Some maps will show where land is used for farming or other economic activities.
Elevation Profiles
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Some maps focus on an area’s land features.
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For example, you can see that each ________________________ map in this textbook uses
______________________ to show land _______________________________.
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_____________________________ is the ____________________ of the land
________________________________________.
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Each _____________________ represents a different ________________________________.
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An ________________________________________shows a side view of a place or area.
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_____________________________distances are measured __________________________, while
_____________________________ distances are measured_______________________________.
Topographic Maps
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The purpose of some maps is to show just the__________________________,
__________________________, ______________________, and _________________ of the land.
Contour Map
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A special kind of topographical map is called a __________________________ map.
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________________________________ provide a way of looking at the
__________________________ of land in an area.
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They use ________________________________to connect points of _____________________
elevation above or below sea level.
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The _________________________ the lines are to each other, the _____________________ the
land.
Climate Graphs
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_________________________ graphs show the average temperatures and precipitation in a place.