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Name: _________________________ Honors Biology Ecology Final Exam Study Guide Ecology What are the equations for photosynthesis and cell respiration? On a drawing of a food web, how could you identify the omnivores? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide plants with a key component necessary for the production of ______________________ Food chains rarely include more than four organisms. Why? Who are “primary consumers”? What is an omnivore? What events could lead to primary succession? What processes lead to global warming? Name two greenhouse gases. Why is the rainforest hard to replant? Why is the ozone layer important? What does it have to do with global warming? Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration are part of what biogeochemical cycle? Evolution and DNA DNA is made up of building blocks called ______________________ If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence CGT, its complementary strand will have the sequence ______________________ The molecule that carries each amino acid to its correct position along mRNA in the cytoplasm is ______________________ The process of bringing in the appropriate amino acid into position along the mRNA in the cytoplasm is called ______________________ The bases of RNA are the same as DNA except that RNA contains _______________ The mRNA has a three-nucleotide sequence called _____________, while the molecule transporting the amino acid has a complimentary sequence called a _______. The RNA copy of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm to make proteins is ___________ If an mRNA molecule reads UGC, the tRNA will read __ __ __. What happens if a single nitrogen base is deleted due to a mutation? Over time, the same bones in different vertebrates were put to different uses. This is an example of ______________________ The streamlined shape of shark and dolphin bodies is an example of ______________ Some genes control the functioning of groups of other genes. Mutations in these genes may have led to sudden shifts in a species' evolution. These genes are called ________________ Hardy-Weinberg problem: In a certain population, the frequency of a dominant gene is represented by p=.6. What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype? Which radioisotope are scientists likely to use to date a human mummy? (Hint: halflife has to be relatively short) How is radioisotope dating useful? How does natural selection occur? Success in evolutionary terms has to do with ______________________. Are the traits for good parenting (remember the Masked Boobies?) beneficial or harmful (selected for or against)? Why? What trait within a species increases the odds that some members of the species will survive if there is a selective pressure (environmental change)? Genetic ___________ Genetics and Biodiversity Green is dominant to yellow in pea plants. If two yellow pea plants were crossed, what will their offspring be like? What is the probability of getting a pea plant with purple seed color when two heterozygous brown pea plants are crossed with each other? In the human ABO blood grouping, the blood proteins A and B are _______________ Genes for sex-linked traits tend to be carried on what chromosome? The physical description of an organism's genotype is its ______________________ Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. A woman with normal color vision, whose father was colorblind, mates with a colorblind man. What chance do each of their sons have of being colorblind? In snapdragons, pink-flowered plants are produced when red-flowered plants are crossed with white-flowered plants. This type of inheritance can best be described as ____________ •Describe the genetic inheritance of hemophilia. •Compare germ cell and somatic cell mutations. What is meant by the “carrying capacity” of an environment? Habitat fragmentation leads to reduced ______________________. Describe the biodiversity of farms. What’s the difference between a mass extinction and a background extinction? What is a habitat corridor? Give an example of biological magnification. What did Wangari Mathai do that earned her the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004? Biochemistry The nucleus of an atom is composed of two subatomic particles, ______________ and ______________. The ___________________ of atoms determine how atoms will react with each other. When an electron is transferred from one atom to the next, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, the type of bond is a(n) __________________ bond. Atoms that bear a positive or negative charge are known as ____________________ The type of bond that forms between two atoms when electrons are shared is a(n) _______________ bond. What exactly happens in a chemical reaction? A solution with a pH of 6 has _________ the concentration of H+ present compared to a solution with a pH of 5. The building blocks of carbohydrates are ______________________ Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to ______________________ Recognize drawings of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and dipeptides. Fatty acids that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are said to be ______________________ Each of the 20 amino acids differ from the others because of the _________________ Carbon is found in all organic molecules. This is due in part to carbon’s ability to bond with up to _____________ other atoms. Describe the structure of lipids. Cell Anatomy What does cell theory state? The simplest cells are the ______________________ How are plant and animal cells different? Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria. This means they go through… All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions, whether they are single cells or complex, multicellular organisms. This property is called ______________________ When plant cells are placed in a salt solution, they don't shrink up in the same manner as do animal cells. This is due to the fact that plants have ______________________ Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are __________________ and __________________. Cells need to use their ATP to move molecules when ______________________ When large vesicles (“sacs”) are pushed out through the cell membrane, the process is called ______________________ If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic (distilled water) solution, what will happen to the cell? It will ______________________ Describe the cell membrane. What organelle produces energy (ATP) for the cell? Mitosis, Cancer and Meiosis A body cell of an organism has 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in this organism's haploid cells? What is the purpose of mitosis? When does separation of homologous chromosomes occur? What is the purpose of crossing over? What causes Down’s Syndrome? Describe p53. The identical sides of each chromosome are called ______________ and are joined at the _________________. Cancerous tumors are _______________ and the cells ________________________. What are telomeres? After going through just a handful of cell divisions, embryonic stem cells are … Stem cells divide limitlessly, just like __________ cells. In November of 2007, stem cell researchers announced that they had successfully… Bacteria, Viruses, and Immunology Describe the anatomy of a virus. Bacterial cells divide by ___________________________. Transformation in bacterial cells involves _______________________________. What can happen with the misuse of antibiotics? What event might induce a virus to enter a lytic cycle after being dormant? _____________________ are released by plasma cells to inactivate foreign invaders. How could a person develop active immunity against a virus? The inflammatory response involves the release of __________________________. The chemical signal sent out by macrophages to is called ______________________. What are antigens? Which occurs when an immune system forms antibodies to its own proteins? Organ Systems What structure can change the diameter of the pupil in response to light energy? Once blood is brought to the kidneys, through which part of a nephron is it filtered? Which organs make up the body’s excretory system? Be able to identify the stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon on a diagram of the digestive system. What is peristalsis? Most nutrients are absorbed by the _____________________. Identify the parts of a neuron (axon, dendrite, node of Ranvier, myelin sheath, synapse) Generally, how do impulses move at a synapse? How are reflexes processed? Is the brain involved? Be able to locate the cerebrum and the cerebellum on a drawing of a brain. In extreme cases of epilepsy, surgeons might sever (cut) the _____________________ to stop seizures from spreading from one side of the brain to another. What symptoms might a patient have with severe damage to the Medulla Oblongata? A stroke in the cerebellum might lead to what symptoms? Multiple sclerosis (an autoimmune disease) causes the protective membrane that surrounds nerve cells to disintegrate. This membrane is called the _____________ What birth defect might be prevented if the mother takes folic acid during her pregnancy?