Download Final Exam Study Guide

Name: _________________________
Honors Biology Ecology
Final Exam Study Guide
Ecology
 What are the equations for photosynthesis and cell respiration?
 On a drawing of a food web, how could you identify the omnivores?
 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide plants with a key component necessary for the
production of ______________________
 Food chains rarely include more than four organisms. Why?
 Who are “primary consumers”?
 What is an omnivore?
 What events could lead to primary succession?
 What processes lead to global warming?
 Name two greenhouse gases.
 Why is the rainforest hard to replant?
 Why is the ozone layer important? What does it have to do with global warming?
 Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration are part of what biogeochemical cycle?
Evolution and DNA
 DNA is made up of building blocks called ______________________
 If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence CGT, its complementary
strand will have the sequence ______________________
 The molecule that carries each amino acid to its correct position along mRNA in the
cytoplasm is ______________________
 The process of bringing in the appropriate amino acid into position along the mRNA
in the cytoplasm is called ______________________
 The bases of RNA are the same as DNA except that RNA contains _______________
 The mRNA has a three-nucleotide sequence called _____________, while the
molecule transporting the amino acid has a complimentary sequence called a _______.
 The RNA copy of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm to make proteins is ___________
 If an mRNA molecule reads UGC, the tRNA will read __ __ __.
 What happens if a single nitrogen base is deleted due to a mutation?
 Over time, the same bones in different vertebrates were put to different uses. This is
an example of ______________________
 The streamlined shape of shark and dolphin bodies is an example of ______________
 Some genes control the functioning of groups of other genes. Mutations in these
genes may have led to sudden shifts in a species' evolution. These genes are called
________________
 Hardy-Weinberg problem: In a certain population, the frequency of a dominant gene
is represented by p=.6. What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?
 Which radioisotope are scientists likely to use to date a human mummy? (Hint: halflife has to be relatively short)
 How is radioisotope dating useful?
 How does natural selection occur?
 Success in evolutionary terms has to do with ______________________.
 Are the traits for good parenting (remember the Masked Boobies?) beneficial or
harmful (selected for or against)? Why?
 What trait within a species increases the odds that some members of the species will
survive if there is a selective pressure (environmental change)? Genetic ___________
Genetics and Biodiversity
 Green is dominant to yellow in pea plants. If two yellow pea plants were crossed,
what will their offspring be like?
 What is the probability of getting a pea plant with purple seed color when two
heterozygous brown pea plants are crossed with each other?
 In the human ABO blood grouping, the blood proteins A and B are _______________
 Genes for sex-linked traits tend to be carried on what chromosome?
 The physical description of an organism's genotype is its ______________________
 Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. A woman with normal color vision, whose father
was colorblind, mates with a colorblind man. What chance do each of their sons have
of being colorblind?
 In snapdragons, pink-flowered plants are produced when red-flowered plants are
crossed with white-flowered plants. This type of inheritance can best be described as
____________
•Describe the genetic inheritance of hemophilia.
•Compare germ cell and somatic cell mutations.
 What is meant by the “carrying capacity” of an environment?
 Habitat fragmentation leads to reduced ______________________.
 Describe the biodiversity of farms.
 What’s the difference between a mass extinction and a background extinction?
 What is a habitat corridor?
 Give an example of biological magnification.
 What did Wangari Mathai do that earned her the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004?
Biochemistry
 The nucleus of an atom is composed of two subatomic particles, ______________ and
______________.
 The ___________________ of atoms determine how atoms will react with each other.
 When an electron is transferred from one atom to the next, and the two atoms are then
electrically attracted to one another, the type of bond is a(n) __________________
bond.
 Atoms that bear a positive or negative charge are known as ____________________
 The type of bond that forms between two atoms when electrons are shared is a(n)
_______________ bond.
 What exactly happens in a chemical reaction?
 A solution with a pH of 6 has _________ the concentration of H+ present compared to
a solution with a pH of 5.
 The building blocks of carbohydrates are ______________________
 Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to ______________________
 Recognize drawings of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and dipeptides.
 Fatty acids that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are said to
be ______________________
 Each of the 20 amino acids differ from the others because of the _________________
 Carbon is found in all organic molecules. This is due in part to carbon’s ability to
bond with up to _____________ other atoms.
 Describe the structure of lipids.
Cell Anatomy
 What does cell theory state?
 The simplest cells are the ______________________
 How are plant and animal cells different?
 Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria. This means they go through…
 All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions, whether they are
single cells or complex, multicellular organisms. This property is called
______________________
 When plant cells are placed in a salt solution, they don't shrink up in the same manner
as do animal cells. This is due to the fact that plants have ______________________
 Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are
__________________ and __________________.
 Cells need to use their ATP to move molecules when ______________________
 When large vesicles (“sacs”) are pushed out through the cell membrane, the process is
called ______________________
 If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic (distilled water) solution, what will happen to
the cell? It will ______________________
 Describe the cell membrane.
 What organelle produces energy (ATP) for the cell?
Mitosis, Cancer and Meiosis
 A body cell of an organism has 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found
in this organism's haploid cells?
 What is the purpose of mitosis?
 When does separation of homologous chromosomes occur?
 What is the purpose of crossing over?
 What causes Down’s Syndrome?
 Describe p53.
 The identical sides of each chromosome are called ______________ and are joined at
the _________________.
 Cancerous tumors are _______________ and the cells ________________________.
 What are telomeres?

After going through just a handful of cell divisions, embryonic stem cells are …

Stem cells divide limitlessly, just like __________ cells.
 In November of 2007, stem cell researchers announced that they had successfully…
Bacteria, Viruses, and Immunology
 Describe the anatomy of a virus.
 Bacterial cells divide by ___________________________.
 Transformation in bacterial cells involves _______________________________.
 What can happen with the misuse of antibiotics?
 What event might induce a virus to enter a lytic cycle after being dormant?
 _____________________ are released by plasma cells to inactivate foreign invaders.
 How could a person develop active immunity against a virus?
 The inflammatory response involves the release of __________________________.
 The chemical signal sent out by macrophages to is called ______________________.
 What are antigens?
 Which occurs when an immune system forms antibodies to its own proteins?
Organ Systems
 What structure can change the diameter of the pupil in response to light energy?
 Once blood is brought to the kidneys, through which part of a nephron is it filtered?
 Which organs make up the body’s excretory system?
 Be able to identify the stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon on a
diagram of the digestive system.
 What is peristalsis?
 Most nutrients are absorbed by the _____________________.
 Identify the parts of a neuron (axon, dendrite, node of Ranvier, myelin sheath,
synapse)
 Generally, how do impulses move at a synapse?
 How are reflexes processed? Is the brain involved?
 Be able to locate the cerebrum and the cerebellum on a drawing of a brain.
 In extreme cases of epilepsy, surgeons might sever (cut) the _____________________
to stop seizures from spreading from one side of the brain to another.
 What symptoms might a patient have with severe damage to the Medulla Oblongata?
 A stroke in the cerebellum might lead to what symptoms?
 Multiple sclerosis (an autoimmune disease) causes the protective membrane that
surrounds nerve cells to disintegrate. This membrane is called the _____________
 What birth defect might be prevented if the mother takes folic acid during her
pregnancy?