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Importance France’s downfall was completely unexpected at the beginning of World War II. The French army was the largest army in western Europe and Hitler’s defeat of them in just six weeks was very shocking. This event changed the balance of power in Europe and left Britain without one of its most powerful allies in the fight against Hitler and his Nazis. Key Figures Adolf Hitler Charles de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Petain (french pm, sign armstice) General Erich Von Manstein (panzer, strategy) General Lord Gort (british evacuation) Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was the Führer of Germany. He ordered the German attack on France in his quest to overtake the Western European countries. General Charles de Gaulle General Charles de Gaulle was a French General who evacuated to London. He delivered a series of speeches over the radio urging the French people to resist the signing of a treaty with Germany. He became the leader of the Free France movement. Marshal Philippe Pétain Marshal Philippe Pétain was a French war hero who was called out of retirement by the government to serve in the war cabinet during world war II. He advocated for the signing of an armistice with Germany. He was appointed the head of the French state and was found guilty of treason after the war. General Erich von Manstein General Erich von Manstein was a German General who developed the plan of attack for the German offensives on France. General Lord Gort General Lord Gort was a British general who made the courageous decision to evacuate the British troops from France when the Germans had surrounded them. His actions saved the British army and allowed them to rebuild themselves. Background Information Throughout the 1930s, when Hitler first came to power, France’s army was regarded as an effective and powerful force that blocked the Nazis from attacking the other European countries. The French had a massive number of casualties during their offensive attacks in 1914 so they decided to change their strategy from World War I. This time they were going to stay on the defensive in Western Europe while their army mobilized and save their offensive attacks for 2-3 years into the war. Background Information The Maginot Line, which replaced the trenches of World War I, was composed of a series of fortifications that were expected to protect the French-German border . However, it didn’t protect France’s border with Belgium. Hitler’s recent victory over Poland had given him a boost of confidence and he was now eager to begin attacking western Europe. Hitler’s Plan Hitler’s initial plan to attack the west was postponed due to bad weather and a copy of his attack orders being discovered when a German plane crashed in Belgium in January of 1940. Hitler went to General Erich von Manstein who suggested that they change their plan to directly attack the Maginot Line and launch a subsidiary attack through the neutral countries of Holland and Belgium. Hitler’s Plan Von Manstein thought that the allies wouldn’t expect an attack through this hilly, forested region and that their surprise blitzkrieg techniques would be successful. They were going to use a Panzer formation of tanks to attack before the bulk of the army to cause confusion and disorient the allies. Attack Begins The battle of France began on May 10, 1940 when Germany conducted air raids on Holland and Belgium. Ground attacks and parachute drops followed soon after. Holland and Belgium were quickly added to the antialliance but that addition just complicated the arrangements for command and control even further. Attack Begins The Germans had a huge psychological advantage over their opponents due to the speed of their attacks and the brutality of their air raids. The Germans were able to capture Eban Emael, a key Belgian fort, due to a daring airborne expedition. Holland surrendered May 14, 1940 due to the bombing of Rotterdam. The allies sent their best troops into Belgium to try to hold off the Germans at the River Dyle. Race for the Channel On May 13th the first German troops emerged from the Ardennes. After a two day battle the Panzers succeeded in crossing the River Meuse despite some surprisingly stiff resistance from the French troops and allied aircrafts. The French were not prepared or equipped to deal with this major armored thrust from the Germans. The French launched a counterattack with their own tanks but it was unsuccessful and led to inconclusive fighting. German General Heinz Guderian had the Panzers break out of their bridgehead and race for the channel with the help of overhead aircraft. Race for the Channel Because the majority of the Allied forces were currently fighting in Belgium, the Germans were easily able to break through the Allied supply lines and reached the coast of the English Channel on May 20th. The Allied forces tried to pull out of Belgium to defend their rear. French General Charles de Gaulle launched bold counterattacks against the enemy’s flanks and the British tanks gave a rough reception to the Germans when they arrived at Arras on May 21st. But it was too little, too late. Operation Dynamo The Allies were now surrounded by German forces and when Belgium surrendered on May 28th they left a gaping hole in the British flank. The trapped British Expeditionary Force fell back to protect the English Channel instead of helping the French in a counterattack and planned an evacuation from Dunkirk. This evacuation was codenamed operation Dynamo and planned to have smaller civilian vessels carry the trapped soldiers to larger vessels off the coast who would then sail for Britain. Operation Dynamo Hitler halted his advance on Dunkirk and 200 000 British troops and 140 000 French troops were able to be evacuated to Britain. There were some casualties to the air force and navy in this evacuation but it is regarded to have saved the British Expeditionary Force and allowed Britain to rebuild its army. Second Act The second act of the battle of France began on June 5th, 1940 when the Germans attacked south of the River Somme. The 51st Highland division of the British army was surrounded at St. Valery-en-Caux and was forced to surrender on June 12th. Second Act The Germans began attacking Paris on June 9th and by June 13th the French government had fled to Bordeaux and Paris was declared an open city. France surrendered to Hitler on June 22, 1940 and was forced to sign a document in the same railway car that Germany had surrendered inside of in 1918. Hitler’s humiliation of France was complete. Outcomes It changed the balance of power in Europe and altered all of Britain’s previous strategies in which France was an ally. Britain wanted to ensure that the French navy would not enter the command of Germany so they delivered an ultimatum for the French warships to be sailed to Britain or to a neutral port. This ultimatum was rejected so the British bombarded the fleet of French warships. This along with the evacuation of the British troops at Dunkirk damaged French and British relations. Outcomes However, this bombardment and the rebuilding of Britain’s army assured America of Britain’s strength. The loss of France as an ally caused Britain to have to fight war at sea and in the air for the next four years until D Day. France was divided into two zones: Northern France which was occupied by Germany and south east France which was under the control of Pétain’s government. The resistance group Free France was formed. Vichy Government After signing the armistice with Germany, France was separated into two zones. The French state or Vichy was governed by Philippe Pétain. Pétain’s government collaborated with Hitler and his Nazis on many occasions although they did not enforce such extreme measures as Germany. Vichy implemented measure against the undesirables in society, such as the Jews and communists, and aimed at reviving the French race. Nazi Supporter Diary May 19, 1940 Dear Diary, It is a proud time for those of us who have noble German blood running through our veins. Our once downtrodden and humiliated nation has risen again even stronger than before. Under the command of the visionary Adolf Hitler Germany will take back what the Allies stole from her in the Treaty of Versailles. We will do this by ridding ourselves of the vermin who forced us to sign the treaty. I am talking about the Jews. It is time that we rid ourselves invaders who stole our jobs, women and much more. We must purify our land so that only those of the pure race remain. Hitler and his Nazi army have been gaining strength and have fighting techniques so superior that even the mighty French fell to his knees in a mere six weeks. With his blitzkrieg attack tactics and his unparalleled mechanized warfare technique Hitler is unstoppable. I have lived in France for twenty years of my life but still I feel no loyalty to the weak country. My loyalty lies with my ancestors in the proud Germany and with our Fuhrer Adolf Hitler. Never have I been so exhilarated than when I saw the first Nazi soldiers marching through the streets of Paris just last week. The Jew-loving cowards who call themselves the French government have fled to Bordeaux and are on the brink of surrender. However, Philippe Pétain remains a voice of reason amongst those old fools. He advocates for an armistice with Germany for he is an intelligent man and realizes that Hitler will not be overthrown. Nazi Supporter Diary Unfortunately, not all residents of France have been as welcoming to Hitler and his Nazis as I. There are those who rebel against his regime and fight for continued warfare. Are these so-called resistance fighters so delusional that they cannot see the German victory? By far the most ridiculous among them is General Charles de Gaulle. That coward makes speeches over the radio from London because he doesn’t have the courage to return to France after his flight. It’s amusing how he tells us to be strong and fight against Hitler whilst he is hidden away in his little corner of England. The future is bright for Germany and I cannot wait to be a part of a nation in which we are ridden of the disgusting vermin who walk among us. A nation of purity. - Sincerely, Ralph Klein Free France A movement from 1940-1945 for the continuation of warfare against Germany after the fall of France. After the government left Paris, Charles de Gaulle fled to London where he broadcast a series of speeches urging the French people to resist the German rule. On June 28th de Gaulle was recognized as the leader of the Free France movement and from London he was able to begin building up the French forces. Free France At first Free France consisted of French troops who were evacuated to Britain, the French community in Britain and a few units of the French navy. Many French colonies in Africa, India and the Pacific soon joined the movement and Free France continued to gain support throughout the war. Free France Diary June 22nd, 1940 It has happened. France has surrendered to the German army. We have lost the battle of France and have been overwhelmed by the mechanized German forces. Even as I write this, the Germans are marching through the streets of our beloved Paris. The government has been forced to flee to Bordeaux. We have signed a treaty with the enemy in the very railroad carriage in which we had them surrender in 1918. I never thought I would see the day that France would fall and with this fall comes our utter humiliation. At a time when it seems like all hope for the future of France is lost there is one man who brings me, and other patriotic Frenchmen like me, hope that all is not lost. General Charles de Gaulle has made a series of speeches over the radio from London these past few days and I must say that his conviction and perseverance is uplifting to those of us who do not agree with Pétain’s government. General de Gaulle speaks of the continuation of the fight against the German army. He speaks of the immense power of our allies Britain and America and how, with their support, we would be able to turn the tables on Germany so that they will be the ones who are humiliated. He is right. This is a World War. France is not powerless and it is certainly not alone. With the aid of our allies Germany would not stand a chance of winning this war. Free France Diary Since the beginning of Europe, France has been a proud and powerful country. Why should we give in to the demands of a lunatic just because he won one battle? As de Gaulle says anyone who has honour, common sense and the higher interests of France at their heart would clearly see that surrendering to Germany is not the course of action that we should take. I, as a proud member of the French army, know these qualities as well as any and I will not sit back and watch these oppressive invaders take over the country that I am proud to call home. I shall take up General de Gaulle’s call to arms and travel to London to join him and the rest of the Free France movement. Together with our allies we will drive Hitler and the Germans out of France and take our beloved country back from those cowards who sit in our parliament. We will not tolerate the treason they committed when they signed France over to the control of the bloodthirsty Nazis. Together we will restore France to its former glory. - Sincerely, Corporal Jacques Dubois Works Cited "Fall of France." History.co.uk. History Channel, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. "France Surrenders, 1940." France Surrenders, 1940. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. "Free French (French History)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. Gaulle, Charles De. "The Flame of French Resistance." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 29 Apr. 2007. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. Works Cited Hickman, Kennedy. "World War I: Marshal Philippe Pétain." About.com Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. Sheffield, Gary. "The Fall of France." BBC News. BBC, 30 Mar. 2011. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. "The Vichy Regime." The Vichy Regime. The AmericanIsraeli Cooperative Enterprise, n.d. Web. 03 Apr. 2013.