Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Technology during World War I wikipedia , lookup
American entry into World War I wikipedia , lookup
Historiography of the causes of World War I wikipedia , lookup
Home front during World War I wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of World War I wikipedia , lookup
History of Germany during World War I wikipedia , lookup
Treaty of Versailles wikipedia , lookup
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles wikipedia , lookup
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk wikipedia , lookup
Jay Wang and Reina Wong European History Period 1 April 21, 2013 Events of WWI and the Paris Peace Conference Essay Outline: Why did international diplomacy play an important part in Europe in the inter war years? International diplomacy- it is the act of conducting negotiations between nations whether they be peace treaties or border agreements Thesis: International diplomacy played an important part in Europe during the inter war years due to its attempts to amend tensions and relationships between nations and to prevent wars. It also plays an important part due to its unintentional creation of tensions between nations. Causing tension Paris Peace Conference and treaties o The Paris Peace Conferences brought upon the Treaty of Versailles along with other treaties that ended the war (Trianon, St. Germain, etc.) and created new countries o The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for the war and made them pay reparations and called for disarmament o Germany was pretty poor economically, so war reparations + debt = Hitler could easily appeal to the people Created the League of Nations which had good intentions, but in the end failed because it was unorganized and failed to deal with problems (ex. Abyssinia, Corfu) Ruhr Crisis o Britain and France accepted reparations in goods o One day Germany didn't deliver telephone poles so France goes in and occupies the Ruhr mines o Germany pays them pack in printed paper money which leads to hyperinflation o Poor economic state = debt = possible tension between France and Germany Preventing war and bettering relationships between nations Treaty of Rapallo o It was essentially Germany's loophole from the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles o It was an agreement with Russia where Germany would produce technology in Russia o It brought both Germany and Russia together o Germany and Russia both recognized each other diplomatically o Both countries cancelled prewar debts and renounced war claims o USSR gave Germany most-favored-nation trade status & trade agreements Locarno Pacts o It settled the borders after World War I o It sought to better relations with Germany o Each pair of countries involved in the Locarno Pact agreed to come to the other’s defense in the case of an attack by a third country Conclusion: International diplomacy was a necessary aspect during the interwar years. The results of international diplomacy did eventually lead up to World War II, but how it is important is due to the relationships that emerged and the tensions that it caused. Events of World War I 1914 June 28 July 28 August 1 August 3 Francis Ferdinand assassinated at Sarajevo Francis Ferdinand was the inspector General of the AustroHungarian Army and was popular with the armed forces. Bogdan Zerajic, a Serb, was concerned with the amount of influence Ferdinand possessed as he believed Ferdinand was a huge threat to a union between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. More particularly, Zerajic feared that the huge amounts of concessions that Ferdinand gave to the Southern Slavs within the Austrian territory would make it difficult to create an independent Serbian state. As a result, the moment it was announced the Franz Ferdinand was going to visit Bosnia, plans for his assassination was being planned by the Black Hand (a group that promoted a “Greater” Serbia at violent means). The Austrian-Hungarian government believed that Serbia had planned the terrorist attack on Ferdinand, and because they hated Serbia and Russia, utilized the assassination as a means to go to war with them. With support from Vienna, AustriaHungary had given Serbia an ultimatum of either becoming a province within Austria-Hungary or go to war. Austria declared war on Serbia After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary had given Serbia the ultimatum of becoming a province within their kingdom or go to war. They were given 48 hours to come to a decision, and during that time period, Russia began to mobilize their troops. In the end, Serbia had refused to agree to all of the clauses of the ultimatum provided to them, and as a result, war was declared between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Germany declared war on Russia Once discovering of the ultimatum provided to their Balkan allies, Russia began to mobilize their troops. When AustriaHungary had declared war on Serbia, Russia quickly began to increase their preparations for war. The Russians had no intention of truly joining the war unless it was mandatory. However, Russia such a large country that it took huge amounts of time to properly mobilize troops, so they began early. Alarmed that Russia was mobilizing their troops, Germany had warned them to cease, but the Russians continued on with mobilization. As a result of this, Germany declared war on Russia. Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium with their Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was a plan developed by Germany in order to invade France through Belgium because they figured if the plan were to work, France would be defeated before Russia could finish mobilizing. When the Russians started to mobilize, August 4 August 23 August 26 October 29 1915 May 23 June 4 July 1 1917 February 1 Germany set the plan into place. Britain declared war on Germany The problem with Germany's Schlieffen Plan was that it invaded Belgium. Britain had promised Belgium neutrality in 1839, so when Germany invaded, Britain declared war on Germany. Germany invaded France After Britain declared war on Germany, Germany breezed through Belgium and met with the French army. The Germans defeated the French at the battle of Namur and the British at the battle of Mans. Russian army defeated at Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes It was the most complete German victory which stopped Russia from invading East Prussia. Turkey entered the war on Germany's side Turkey gave help to a German naval bombardment on Russia. Due to this, Russia declared war on Turkey. Italy declared war on Germany and Austria Italy was originally on the side of Germany and Austria due to the Triple Alliance signed in 1911. Italy joined the opposing side after being promised territorial gains from Austria-Hungary in the Treaty of London. Start of the Brusilov Offensive It was a Russian strategy meant to drive the German troops out of the Western Front. The strategy was very effective and would have pulled through had there not been internal struggle between the generals. Start of the Battle of the Somme The British and French army had planned a joint offensive against the Germans in Somme. Due to unconcealed preparations, the Germans knew of the plan ahead of time and took shelter in bunkers while the British bombarded them. Then the Germans attacked with machine guns. The result of this was a bloody slaughter and the largest battle of the war. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare campaign started Initially, Germany had already performed unrestricted submarine warfare during the First World War. However, after sinking the British merchant ship Lusitania, the German government had received a letter from President Woodrow Wilson about ceasing such tactics as 128 Americans were killed. Not wishing to start any conflict with the United States, the German government quickly devised rules and regulations of submarine warfare that practically made it pointless. German navy commanders, however, believed that unrestricted submarine warfare was the key to winning the Western Front against Britain. As a result, the naval commanders pressured Kaiser Wilhelm and German chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollwegg, to resume such tactics. In the end, the April 6 October 24 November 6 1918 March 3 July 15 October 4 November 11 1919 January 4 pressure from the commanders, along with the German public’s anger towards the Allied naval blockade, unrestricted warfare began, once again. USA declared war on Germany The United States, under the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, had originally had a policy of neutrality in regards to the war occurring in Europe. However, after the sinking of the Lusitania, the public opinion began to change. It wasn’t until the Zimmerman Telegram, which suggested that Germany planned to aid Mexico regain Texas and Arizona for their aid, that President Wilson decided to come out of isolationism and declare war on Germany. Battle of Caporetto: Italian Army was heavily defeated Germany and Austria-Hungary launched a surprise air attack on the Italian army in Isonzo. Italy had to withdraw and suffered huge losses in men and artillery. Britain launched a major offensive on the Western Front The Third Battle of Ypres, or the Battle of Passchendaele, was Sir Douglas Haig's attempt at breaking through to the coast in Belgium and destroying German submarines. The attack was not a success. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Russia and Germany It was a peace treaty that got Russia out of World War I. It also established the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania. Second Battle of the Marne started and so did the collapse of the Germany army The German army advanced into the Marne and attacked the Allies. French and British forces were able to prevent this German attack and marked the last attempt at the Central Powers winning World War I. Germany asked the Allies for an armistice By this time, the Germans were suffering from lack or resources to support their population. Food shortages were common throughout the country thanks to the British Naval Blockade. Along with this, many German soldiers mutinied and refused to fight, resulting in the Germans asking for an armistice. Germany signed an armistice with the allies and so WWI officially ended With all their allies already surrendered, food shortages, and revolts from soldiers, the German government had no choice but to sign an armistice with the Allied Powers. As they had no more resources to continue the war and the Allied powers gave them an ultimatum of surrendering or continuing the war, they complied and signed. Peace Conference at Paris The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was composed of 32 June 28 September 10 November 27 leaders representing 75% of the world’s population. However, the negotiations were arranged by the five major powers that aided in the defeat of the Central powers, the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. Out of these five major countries, however, the “Big Three” (David Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson) clearly dominated the discussion and all three came with differing views of what should occur at the conference. Personally, David Lloyd George felt that Germany was the one defense Europe had against the spread of communism within Russia and wished for the country to be punished, but not to the extent in which they would not be able to fulfill these ideas he had in mind. Clemenceau simply wanted to destroy the Germans and ensure that they would never be able to rise again. Woodrow Wilson wanted to pass his “Fourteen Points” among the countries within the Paris Peace Conference. In the end, five treaties were created at the conference, and each of the countries were sent back to converse with their governments about the idea of a League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles signed by Germans Territorial wise, he treaty took away Alsace-Loraine (to France), Eupen and Malmedy (to Belgium), Northern Schleswig (to Denmark), Hultschin (to Czechoslovakia), and West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia (to Poland). Along with these portions of their territories given away, the Treaty also stated that Germany’s oversea colonies would be under the control of the League of Nations. Militarily, the Germans were also not allowed to possess any tanks and their army was reduced to 100,000 men. Financially, the Germany economy suffered significantly as many of the key areas in which they could have built their economy were within territories that were given way to other countries. As a result of this, it was difficult for Germany to pay for the reparations that they owed to the Allied powers and also built resentment within the German people. Although the signed treaty had eased the minds of the Allied Powers, anger was sprouting within the German people of the treatment they received at Versailles, and as a result, led to the Second World War. Treaty of Saint Germaine signed by Austrians The Treaty of Saint Germaine was signed between the former Austrian-Hungary Empire and the Allies of WWI. Although the Austrian-Hungarian Empire had already collapsed by this point in time, it formally stated that it no longer existed when signed. Along with this, the treaty recognized the independence of Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Treaty of Neuilly signed by Bulgaria Through the signing of the Treaty, Bulgaria had lost land to 1920 June 4 August 10 Yugoslavia and had to pay reparations of 100 million Euros to the Allies. Along with this, their armed force limitations were that: they were to have no air forces, have only 4 torpedo boats, and have 20,000 men to serve in their armies. Treaty of Trianon signed by Hungary The Treaty stated that “the Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Hungary accepts the responsibility of Hungary and her allies for causing the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequences of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Austria-Hungary and her allies.” The Treaty of Trianon had ensured that the new established Hungary, which was 75% of its original territory, would have minimal growth in their economy. This was deliberately done by the Allies to ensure that Hungary, along with the other Central powers, would not become a threat to European peace again. Treaty of Sevres signed by Turkey The Treaty of Sevres initially split the Ottoman Empire apart. Through the Treat, Kurdistan, Armeni, and Hejav were given independence as free nations. Along with this, Britain had mandates over Iraq and Palestine and France had a mandate over Syria. Bibliography BBC. (n.d.). Battle of the Somme: 1 July - 13 November 1916. Retrieved April 20 , 2013, from BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/battle_somme.shtml BBC. (n.d.). Other treaties 1919-1923. Retrieved April 20 , 2013, from BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/othertreatiesre First World War. (n.d.). Germany During World War One. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from First World War: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/germanyduringww1.htm First World War. (n.d.). Italian Entry into the War, 23 May 1915. Retrieved April 2013, 2013, from First World War: http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/italiandeclaration.htm First World War. (n.d.). The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from First World War: http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/tannenberg.htm First World War. (n.d.). The Battle of the Somme, 1916. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from First World War: http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/somme.htm History. (n.d.). Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from A&E Television Networks: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-resumesunrestricted-submarine-warfare History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Battle of Caporetto. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_caporetto.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Battle of Passchendaele. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_passchendaele.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Brusilov Offensive. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/brusilov_offensive.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Schlieffen Plan. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/schlieffen_plan.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Treaty of Sevres. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_sevres.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Treaty Of St. Germain. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty-st-germain.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Treaty of Trianon. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_trianon.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). The Treaty of Versailles. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). Timeline of World War One. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/timeline_of_world_war_one.htm History Learning Site. (n.d.). Treaty of Neuilly. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_neuilly.htm History on the Net. (n.d.). World War One - Timeline. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from History on the Net: http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/WW1_timeline.htm Ross, S. (2003). Causes and Consequences of the First World War. London: Evans Brothers Limited. Spartacus Educational. (n.d.). 2nd Battle of the Marne. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from Sparatcus Educational: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmarne2.htm Spartacus Educational. (n.d.). Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from Spartacus Educational: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarchduke.htm Spartacus Educational. (n.d.). Paris Peace Conference. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from Spartacus Educational: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWparis.htm Spartacus Educational. (n.d.). United States Declares War. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from Spartacus Educational: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWusaG.htm Wikipedia. (n.d.). Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from Wikipedia: http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Treaty_of_Brest-