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Transcript
Chapter 6 The Solar System Lesson 1: The Sun Main Idea: The Sun is a star made of hydrogen and helium. The Sun is locate at the center of the solar system and also its largest object. Vocabulary: Star (pg. 299) – A star is an object that produces it own energy including heat and light. Astronomical unit (pg 299) – The mean, or average, distance between the sun and the Earth (1 AU = 149,591,000 km) Fusion (pg 302) – Smashing together of particles. What is the Sun? Main Idea: The sun is a star and the largest object in the solar system. Supporting Detail: The sun is a star. A star is an object that produces its own energy including heat and light. o The planets and other objects in the solar system are not stars o They do not produce light. Sun is an averaged sized star. Larger stars produce ten million times more energy. Smaller stars produce 1 / 100th as much energy as the sun The sun’s diameter is about 1,390,000 km (863,706 miles) The mean, average, distance between the sun and the Earth is 149,591,000 km (92,960,000 miles). One astronomical unit (AU) equals the average distance from the Earth to the sun. Alpha Centauri are the closest stars to our solar system. They are about 271,931 AU away. Sun’ s Mass The mass of the sun can be calculated if you take: o Length of time it takes a planet to make one trip around the sun o The average distance between the planet and the sun The sun’s mass is calculated to be 2 million trillion trillion kilograms The mass of the sun makes up 99.8% of all of the mass in the solar system. What are the parts of the Sun? Main Idea: The sun is made up of three layers of gas surrounded by 2 layers of atmosphere. Supporting Detail The sun is a huge sphere made up of: About 71% hydrogen About 27% helium About 2% carbon and oxygen The sun has 3 layers of gas The core o Is the center of the sun. o produces most of the sun’s energy o has temperatures of 10 million to 20 million degrees Celsius. o It’s pressure is 1 billion times greater than the air pressure on Earth. The radiation layer o is the inner layer. o moves the energy produced in the core in every direction. o can take millions of year for the energy in this layer to move out. The convection layer o is the outer most layer. o Gases with different energies move in circular patterns in this layer similar to air with different densities. o Energy moves out in about a week The photosphere is the visible surface of the sun is not a solid surface, but rather layers of gases has a temperature of about 5,730 degrees Celsius. Sun has two atmosphere layers Chromosphere o Inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere o Appears as the red circle around the sun Corona o Outermost layer of the sun o Takes on a different shape depending on changes in the photosphere’s temperature Solar flares Are bursts of heat and energy that stretches out from the corona and chromosphere into space Can appear as different colored lights in the polar regions (aurora borealis) Are associated with sunspots, dark spots on the photosphere with lower temperatures than areas around it. How does the Sun produce energy? Main Idea The sun produces energy when hydrogen combines to form helium and energy. Supporting Detail Einstein discovered a relationship between energy and mass and showed the relationship in the following formula: E = mc2 E – energy, m – mass, c – speed of light The equation tells us that a little bit of mass can be changed into a lot of energy. Hydrogen particles in the sun smash together to form helium. Fusion is smashing particles together.