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Transcript
People – Chapter 28 Paul Valery Friedrich Nietzche Henri Bergson Georges Sorel Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Karl Jaspers Jean Paul Sartre Albert Camus Soren Kierkegaard Karl Barth Gabriel Marcel Jacques Maritain Marie Curie Max Plank Albert Einstein Ernest Rutherford Werner Heisenberg Sigmund Freud Marcel Proust Virginia Woolf William Faulkner James Joyce Oswald Spengler T.S. Eliot Franz Kafka George Orwell American film starts Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks, Ginger Rogers, Fred Astaire, and Rudolph Valentino (not much specific to know about each one) Charlie Chaplin Guglielmo Marconi Lord Northcliffe Adolph Hitler Benito Mussolini Stanley Baldwin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) Sergei Epstein Leni Riefenstahl John Maynard Keynes Raymond Poincare Gustav Stresemann Ramsay McDonald President Herbert Hoover Eleanor Roosevelt People- Chapter 29 Bela Kun Joseph Pilsudski Antonio de Oliveira Salazar Elie Halevy V.I. Lenin Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky Alexandra Kollontai Sergei Kirov Benito Mussolini Victor Emmanuel III Giocomo Matteotti Karl Lueger Gregor Strasser Goebbels Heinrich Himmler Hjalmar Schacht Neville Chamberlain Winston Churchill Daniel Goldhagen Charles de Gaulle Dwight Eisenhower Terms – Chapter 28 Age of Anxiety Atheist Logical Empiricism Existentialism Tractus Logico-Philosophicus (Essay on Logical Philosophy) Christian Existentialism Anti-Semitic Radium Quanta Theory of Special Relativity Neutrons Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Id, Ego, Superego Unconscious/irrational mind Repression and neuroses Jacob’s Room The Sound and the Fury Ulysses The Decline of the West Wasteland The Trial and The Castle 1984 Modernization Guernica high brow ‘What the Butler Saw’ ‘The Great Train Robbery’ The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Silent films v talkies Transatlantic Wireless Vacuum Tube British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Indoctrination Fireside chats The Triumph of the Will The Economic Consequences of the Peace Little Entente Weimar Republic Reparations/indemnity Ruhr Valley Inflation The Dawes Plan Locarno Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact Mein Kampf National Socialist Party Labour Party, Liberal Party, Conservative Party (England) The Great Depression Speculation/ buying ‘on margin’ The Gold Standard The New Deal Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 The National Recovery Administration (NRA) the Works Progress Administration (WPA) the ‘welfare state’ National Labor Relations Act the Popular Front polarization Spanish Civil War Terms- Chapter 29 Authoritarian Conservative Authoritarian versus Radical Authoritarian Reactionary (not in this chapter, but know it anyway!) Subversive/subversives Censor/censorship Totalitarian Fascism Nazism Arrow Cross 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (this title is not used in this chapter, but they refer to this deal) Unending/permanent revolution Stalin’s ‘Revolution from Above’ The Kronstadt War Communism The NEP (New Economic Policy) Bolsheviks 1927 Party Congress The Five Year Plans aka the‘second revolution’ the ‘cursed problem’ (in Stalin’s Soviet Union) Collectivization Kulaks Heavy Industry versus Consumer Industry Hidden sales tax Labor discipline Purges Old Bolsheviks (not defined well in the text… basically, just those Bolsheviks who were around since the Russian Revolution as opposed to recent converts) 1936 Show Trials (this is not the exact term… you still need to know what this is!) Italian Catholic Party Black Shirts the 1929 Lateran Agreement anti-Semitism ‘Stab-in-the-Back’ Theory German Worker’s Party/ National Socialism/ Nazi Weimar Republic Mein Kampf Fuhrer “voted their pocketbooks’ German Social Democrat party the Reichstag Chancellor Heinrich Bruning General/President Hindenberg the Enabling Act Nazi Labor Front The SA (brownshirts), SS, and Gestapo the Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht Appeasement Brenner Pass Rhineland, Sudetenland, Danzig the Anglo-German naval treaty the Spanish Civil War Berlin-Rome Axis Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Blitzkrieg Dunkirk Vichy France Battle of Stalingrad Pearl Harbor Auschwitz-Birkenau The Grand Alliance Isolationism Unconditional surrender the ‘arsenal of democracy’ Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway El Alamein the D-Day Questions - Chapter 28 In general terms, how did human patterns of thought differ in the time period before WWI when compared to the time period after WWI? Know that Newton might stand as a symbol for the former time period of the previous question. What were the basic reasons for the faith in reason and progress before WWI and the loss of these things afterwards? What scientific fields saw changes that help to explain the answer to this question? What did Nietzche see as the failing of Western civilization and what did he propose as an antidote? When did he think the roots of these failings originated? Know that he is connected to existentialism. What were the two basic schools of philosophy that rejected the pre-WWI faith in progress and what were their basic ideas? Where was each dominant? Which country was the center of philosophical Age of Anxiety thought? What did Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus decide to do while under Nazi occupation and why is their decision intimately linked to their existentialist philosophy? What forces had weakened Christianity before WWI and what caused its resurgence after WWI? How did the ‘new physics’ contribute to the age of anxiety? Know that the new physics links matter and energy and has a long term impact on the development of the atom bomb in World War II. What were Freud’s basic theories and how did these further undermine the faith in reason and progress? How did Freud’s theories contribute to a rise in sexual promiscuity (a greater incidence of sex)? How did the basic voice of post WWI authors change and how does this mirror the Age of Anxiety? What did post WWI authors foresee in their accounts of the future? What did Picasso’s Guernica protest against? Know that movies and radio were more influential for the mass of people than art and culture music. Know that the Great Depression was a time of particular interest in movies and radio as escape. Understand the different patterns in the development of film and radio in America versus Europe. Why was the Treaty of Versailles shaky? Why was the treaty both too soft and too harsh from the allied perspective? Why did France desperately need Germany to make its reparations payments? How did the Americans, British, and French view the Treaty of Versailles? Why did France and Britain’s World War I friendship quickly dissipate? Who did France turn to for security and alliances? How did Germany react when reparation payments were assessed? Why were the French convinced that they had to act sternly? Know the course of events related to the Ruhr Valley invasion. How and why was a compromise reached and what was it? During what interwar time period did things look up economically in Europe? What were the hopeful signs for economic prosperity and lasting peace during this time period? What were the basic results of attempted revolutions on the left and right in 1923 Germany? Know that moderate Republicanism was catching on in Germany. Know the relationship between social democrats (moderates) and communists (radicals) in both France and Germany in the 1920s. How did France get itself into debt in the late 1920s? How was social unrest in Britain minimized in the post WWI years, even as unemployment soared? How did British politics shift during this time? Why does Britain’s grant of independence to southern Irish Catholics match with the general theme of the late 1920? How was the depression that started in the United States exported to Europe and the world? Why did countries abandon the gold standard and why did this ultimately have little impact? Why did the Great Depression cause countries to raise tariffs? Why was this a bad idea from the perspective of the world market? What are the two general theories the text gives for the cause of the Great Depression? What were John Maynard Keynes suggestions about how a government should deal with a depression? Which countries were particularly hard hit by the Great Depression? How did President Herbert Hoover respond to the Great Depression? How did FDR’s response differ? What parts of FDR’s response were successful and what parts were failures? How did FDR’s responses change American society beyond the Great Depression itself? How were FDR’s policies influenced by America’s World War I policies? In what sense was FDR’s response to the Great Depression a move towards American socialism and in what important way did it stop short of socialism? How do the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the National Recovery Act reinforce your answer to these questions? What group did FDR focus on helping most directly? What were the long term social impacts of the New Deal? In what way were the successes of the New Deal limited or criticized? What was the Scandinavian experience with the Great Depression and why did it appeal to many? Why did Britain get off relatively easy during the Great Depression? What factors, in addition to the Great Depression, led to political instability in France? What evidence of this political stability exists? How did this instability spawn the Popular Front? How did this coalition try to deal with Great Depression and how successful were they? How did the Spanish Civil War highlight to polarization of French society in the Interwar years? Questions- Chapter 29 How does the Age of Anxiety link to the rise of fascist/totalitarian governments of the interwar years? (not really exactly explained in the text, but…) Which European countries managed to hold on to liberal democracies all of the way to World War II? Which collapsed into relatively moderate conservative governments? Which became extremist conservative governments? Which government was radical extremist in the interwar years? What is conservatism? What is liberalism? What is extreme conservatism (aka reactionary politics)? What is the importance of technology to the interwar Totalitarian regimes? Who set up the new liberal democracies after WWI? (from class lecture) Why does this make sense? What obstacles hinder the new liberal democracies set up after WWI? How was an attempted communist revolution in Hungary crushed? What type of government took over instead? What group provided a challenge to this new government and from what political ‘direction’ did this competing group exert power? What unique fact separates the relatively moderate conservative government set up in Portugal from the other similar governments set up in Europe? According to our chapter, what does ‘Totalitarian’ refer to? What arguments can be made that seem to prove that Italy, the Soviet Union, and Germany all share characteristics and should be lumped under this title? What arguments exist to the contrary? What terms are used for German and Italy if not lumping them under this Totalitarian umbrella? In what way did the Soviet Union serve as a model for Italy and Germany’s extremist conservative regimes? Why would a faithful Marxist reject the Totalitarian definition given by our text? Why did Lenin institute the NEP? Why is it superficially counterintuitive for him to do this? What were the basic personality types of Stalin and Trotsky? What was Stalin’s job and why is this important? What were Trotsky and Stalin’s views on the international nature of Karl Marx’s Marxism? How did this ultimately gain Stalin some support? How did Stalin isolate Trotsky? What was the eventual fate of Trotsky? What did Stalin think of the NEP? What does this show about his political views? How did Stalin consolidate personal power after Trotsky’s departure? Why did Stalin believe that the 5 Year Plans were necessary for the Soviet Union? (several reasons) What was the point of collectivizing agriculture in the Soviet Union? (there are actually several?) How did the peasants react to collectivization? How did Stalin react to this reaction (see the Ukraine)? Why didn’t the world erupt into outrage over the Ukraine situation? In what ways was and wasn’t collectivization successful? What tiny concessions did the peasants manage to win from the Communist government as part of collectivization? Know the steps that Stalin took to industrialize the Soviet Union. Know examples of the industrial successes of the Five Year Plans. Know the high percent of Soviet produce that was reinvested and the impact this had on the immediate consumption of the peasants and workers. What was life like for the masses under Stalinist rule? In particular, know about their consumption, communist inspiration, social and economic benefits, and the changes in the status and lifestyle of women. In what particular field did women thrive? What was the key to ‘getting ahead’ as an average Russian under Stalin’s Five Year Plans? How did art change in the Soviet Union between the 1920s and 1930s. Why? How did history and religion change under Stalin? What are the roots of Communist terror in the Soviet Union? How are they linked to Stalin’s wife and #2 in command? When and what were Stalin’s purges? How have older and newer scholars of history interpreted Stalin’s purges? What was Italy like (politically) in the years before WWI? Why did the Italian government face a wide number of challenges after WWI? Why were many upset with the government after the Treaty of Versailles? How did the Russian Revolution add to the problems? How did the Catholic Church contribute to the problems for the liberal government? Know that Italy’s Socialists, unlike those in other European nations, rejected Italian participation in WWI. Know the basic facts about Mussolini’s early life and political maturation. What did he feel about Italy’s role in World War I and how did this alter his political ties? Know that Mussolini founded the fascist party after the war and know how the party’s original aim changed and who eventually became Mussolini’s base of support. How did Mussolini come to power? What did a march on Rome and Victor Emmanuel III have to do with it? What was the crossroads that Mussolini reached during his first year of power? What route did he take after this crossroads? How did Mussolini forge an alliance with the Pope? In what sense did Mussolini moderate his new direction? As part of the answer to this question, know Mussolini’s role for women and how he treated the Jews of Italy. Ultimately, how does Mussolini’s government stand up to the definition of the term Totalitarian? What were the key ideas of Nazism, as expressed in Hitler’s Mein Kampf? Where and how was Hitler radicalized as a young man? How did Hitler view the start of World War I and how did he view its end? After joining the German Worker’s Party (and changing its name), what tactics did Hitler use effectively to win new party members? What factors in the early 1920s increased the persuasiveness of Hitler’s arguments? Know in what sense the 1923 Nazi uprising was a success and a failure for the Nazis. (for the record, this uprising is known as the Beer Hall Putsch) How did Hitler take advantage of his arrest? How did the Great Depression ‘save’ the Nazis? How is this answer connected to the rising popularity of the communists in Germany? What were the results of the 1930 and 1932 elections to the Reichstag? How did Hitler change his message in early 1930s (several ways) to capitalize on his growing popularity? Who did Hitler think the smart politician should focus on and how should he focus on this group? How did Chancellor Bruning pave the way for Hitler? How did the moderate socialists and Marxists unintentionally help Hitler get into power? How was Hitler finally able to grab the job of chancellor? What safeguards did important Germans thought they had against Hitler’s extremism? How did the Nazis use the Reichstag fire to their advantage? What steps did the Nazis take soon afterwards to create a one party system? Why did Hitler purge his own private army? What steps did Hitler take after his rise to power in 1933 (important!) to marginalize the Jews of Germany? How did the Jews react? How did most non-Jewish Germans react? What impact does Hitler have on the economy of Germany and how? Did Hitler really minimize class differences in Germany? What role did Hitler see for women? Which groups in particular supported Hitler and which challenged his power? What limitations to foreign expansion did Hitler face when he first came into power? What prevented Hitler’s first attempted act of aggression (involving Austria)? What ways (and in what order) did Hitler challenge the Versailles Treaty? (draft, Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig) How does the invasion of the Rhineland demonstrate that Hitler was weak and could have easily been stopped in the early days? How did the pacific (peace-loving) democracies react to Hitler’s aggression? Why? What two ideologies warred in the Spanish Civil War? Which outside countries sent aid and supplies, to which side, and which countries notably did not act? After deciding to join Hitler, what expansive actions did Mussolini take? Know the details of the Sudetenland crisis and the details of the meetings between Chamberlain and Hitler. Know why it makes sense that Chamberlain’s deal would later be mocked by historians. What event officially started World War II? Know the details of the fighting in Poland and France in the early war. Know what the Dunkirk rescue was. Know the Nazi aim in the Battle of Britain, and Hitler’s foolish change of tactics. Know why the text argues that the invasion of the Soviet Union was a poor idea and what the text would have advised Hitler to do instead. Know details of the fighting in the Soviet Union, with special attention to Stalingrad. What brought the U.S. and Japan into conflict before Pearl Harbor? What were the basic components of Hitler’s New World Order? How did he rank Europe’s racial groups? Know the basic outlines of the scholarly debate in regards to who should be blamed for the holocaust: the top Nazis only, or regular citizens, too. Why was the Grand Alliance a fragile one? What policies did the allies adopt to cement their loyalty and determination? Who got American military aid during the fighting? How did the U.S. and Britain deal with Germany U-Boats? How did they use Britain once the naval battle was going their way? Know that in the Soviet Union, nationalism was used above communism as a rallying point. Notice how this is reflected in the Russian name for the war. What advantages did the Grand Alliance have over the Axis? What battles were the key turning points in Africa, Russia, Western Europe, and the Pacific? Know that the allies leaped across the Mediterranean into Italy after their North African victories. What techniques did the Germans use to boost total war production to fantastic heights? What was the final fate of Hitler? How was Japan finally convinced to surrender? How many casualties were there (in the whole war)?