Download People – Chapter 28 - San Ramon Valley High School

People – Chapter 28
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Paul Valery
Friedrich Nietzche
Henri Bergson
Georges Sorel
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Martin Heidegger
Karl Jaspers
Jean Paul Sartre
Albert Camus
Soren Kierkegaard
Karl Barth
Gabriel Marcel
Jacques Maritain
Marie Curie
Max Plank
Albert Einstein
Ernest Rutherford
Werner Heisenberg
Sigmund Freud
Marcel Proust
Virginia Woolf
William Faulkner
James Joyce
Oswald Spengler
T.S. Eliot
Franz Kafka
George Orwell
American film starts Mary Pickford,
Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks, Ginger
Rogers, Fred Astaire, and Rudolph
Valentino (not much specific to know
about each one)
Charlie Chaplin
Guglielmo Marconi
Lord Northcliffe
Adolph Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Stanley Baldwin
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
Sergei Epstein
Leni Riefenstahl
John Maynard Keynes
Raymond Poincare
Gustav Stresemann
Ramsay McDonald
President Herbert Hoover
Eleanor Roosevelt
People- Chapter 29
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Bela Kun
Joseph Pilsudski
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Antonio de Oliveira Salazar
Elie Halevy
V.I. Lenin
Joseph Stalin
Leon Trotsky
Alexandra Kollontai
Sergei Kirov
Benito Mussolini
Victor Emmanuel III
Giocomo Matteotti
Karl Lueger
Gregor Strasser
Goebbels
Heinrich Himmler
Hjalmar Schacht
Neville Chamberlain
Winston Churchill
Daniel Goldhagen
Charles de Gaulle
Dwight Eisenhower
Terms – Chapter 28
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Age of Anxiety
Atheist
Logical Empiricism
Existentialism
Tractus Logico-Philosophicus (Essay
on Logical Philosophy)
Christian Existentialism
Anti-Semitic
Radium
Quanta
Theory of Special Relativity
Neutrons
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Id, Ego, Superego
Unconscious/irrational mind
Repression and neuroses
Jacob’s Room
The Sound and the Fury
Ulysses
The Decline of the West
Wasteland
The Trial and The Castle
1984
Modernization
Guernica
high brow
‘What the Butler Saw’
‘The Great Train Robbery’
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
Silent films v talkies
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Transatlantic Wireless
Vacuum Tube
British Broadcasting Corporation
(BBC)
Indoctrination
Fireside chats
The Triumph of the Will
The Economic Consequences of the
Peace
Little Entente
Weimar Republic
Reparations/indemnity
Ruhr Valley
Inflation
The Dawes Plan
Locarno Treaty
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Mein Kampf
National Socialist Party
Labour Party, Liberal Party,
Conservative Party (England)
The Great Depression
Speculation/ buying ‘on margin’
The Gold Standard
The New Deal
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
The National Recovery
Administration (NRA)
the Works Progress Administration
(WPA)
the ‘welfare state’
National Labor Relations Act
the Popular Front
polarization
Spanish Civil War
Terms- Chapter 29
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Authoritarian
Conservative Authoritarian versus
Radical Authoritarian
Reactionary (not in this chapter, but
know it anyway!)
Subversive/subversives
Censor/censorship
Totalitarian
Fascism
Nazism
Arrow Cross
1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact (this title is not used in this
chapter, but they refer to this deal)
Unending/permanent revolution
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Stalin’s ‘Revolution from Above’
The Kronstadt
War Communism
The NEP (New Economic Policy)
Bolsheviks
1927 Party Congress
The Five Year Plans aka the‘second
revolution’
the ‘cursed problem’ (in Stalin’s
Soviet Union)
Collectivization
Kulaks
Heavy Industry versus Consumer
Industry
Hidden sales tax
Labor discipline
Purges
Old Bolsheviks (not defined well in the
text… basically, just those Bolsheviks
who were around since the Russian
Revolution as opposed to recent
converts)
1936 Show Trials (this is not the exact
term… you still need to know what this
is!)
Italian Catholic Party
Black Shirts
the 1929 Lateran Agreement
anti-Semitism
‘Stab-in-the-Back’ Theory
German Worker’s Party/ National
Socialism/ Nazi
Weimar Republic
Mein Kampf
Fuhrer
“voted their pocketbooks’
German Social Democrat party
the Reichstag
Chancellor Heinrich Bruning
General/President Hindenberg
the Enabling Act
Nazi Labor Front
The SA (brownshirts), SS, and
Gestapo
the Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht
Appeasement
Brenner Pass
Rhineland, Sudetenland, Danzig
the Anglo-German naval treaty
the Spanish Civil War
Berlin-Rome Axis
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Blitzkrieg
Dunkirk
Vichy France
Battle of Stalingrad
Pearl Harbor
Auschwitz-Birkenau
The Grand Alliance
Isolationism
Unconditional surrender
the ‘arsenal of democracy’
Great Patriotic War of the
Fatherland
Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
El Alamein
the D-Day
Questions - Chapter 28
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In general terms, how did human patterns of
thought differ in the time period before WWI
when compared to the time period after WWI?
Know that Newton might stand as a symbol for
the former time period of the previous question.
What were the basic reasons for the faith in reason
and progress before WWI and the loss of these
things afterwards? What scientific fields saw
changes that help to explain the answer to this
question?
What did Nietzche see as the failing of Western
civilization and what did he propose as an
antidote? When did he think the roots of these
failings originated? Know that he is connected to
existentialism.
What were the two basic schools of philosophy
that rejected the pre-WWI faith in progress and
what were their basic ideas? Where was each
dominant? Which country was the center of
philosophical Age of Anxiety thought?
What did Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus
decide to do while under Nazi occupation and
why is their decision intimately linked to their
existentialist philosophy?
What forces had weakened Christianity before
WWI and what caused its resurgence after WWI?
How did the ‘new physics’ contribute to the age
of anxiety? Know that the new physics links
matter and energy and has a long term impact on
the development of the atom bomb in World War
II.
What were Freud’s basic theories and how did
these further undermine the faith in reason and
progress? How did Freud’s theories contribute to
a rise in sexual promiscuity (a greater incidence of
sex)?
How did the basic voice of post WWI authors
change and how does this mirror the Age of
Anxiety? What did post WWI authors foresee in
their accounts of the future?
What did Picasso’s Guernica protest against?
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Know that movies and radio were more influential
for the mass of people than art and culture music.
Know that the Great Depression was a time of
particular interest in movies and radio as escape.
Understand the different patterns in the
development of film and radio in America versus
Europe.
Why was the Treaty of Versailles shaky? Why
was the treaty both too soft and too harsh from the
allied perspective? Why did France desperately
need Germany to make its reparations payments?
How did the Americans, British, and French view
the Treaty of Versailles?
Why did France and Britain’s World War I
friendship quickly dissipate? Who did France turn
to for security and alliances?
How did Germany react when reparation
payments were assessed? Why were the French
convinced that they had to act sternly?
Know the course of events related to the Ruhr
Valley invasion. How and why was a compromise
reached and what was it?
During what interwar time period did things look
up economically in Europe? What were the
hopeful signs for economic prosperity and lasting
peace during this time period?
What were the basic results of attempted
revolutions on the left and right in 1923
Germany? Know that moderate Republicanism
was catching on in Germany.
Know the relationship between social democrats
(moderates) and communists (radicals) in both
France and Germany in the 1920s.
How did France get itself into debt in the late
1920s?
How was social unrest in Britain minimized in the
post WWI years, even as unemployment soared?
How did British politics shift during this time?
Why does Britain’s grant of independence to
southern Irish Catholics match with the general
theme of the late 1920?
How was the depression that started in the United
States exported to Europe and the world?
Why did countries abandon the gold standard and
why did this ultimately have little impact?
Why did the Great Depression cause countries to
raise tariffs? Why was this a bad idea from the
perspective of the world market?
What are the two general theories the text gives
for the cause of the Great Depression? What were
John Maynard Keynes suggestions about how a
government should deal with a depression?
Which countries were particularly hard hit by the
Great Depression?
How did President Herbert Hoover respond to the
Great Depression? How did FDR’s response
differ? What parts of FDR’s response were
successful and what parts were failures? How did
FDR’s responses change American society
beyond the Great Depression itself? How were
FDR’s policies influenced by America’s World
War I policies?
In what sense was FDR’s response to the Great
Depression a move towards American socialism
and in what important way did it stop short of
socialism? How do the Works Progress
Administration (WPA) and the National Recovery
Act reinforce your answer to these questions?
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What group did FDR focus on helping most
directly?
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What were the long term social impacts
of the New Deal?
In what way were the successes of the
New Deal limited or criticized?
What was the Scandinavian experience
with the Great Depression and why did
it appeal to many?
Why did Britain get off relatively easy
during the Great Depression?
What factors, in addition to the Great
Depression, led to political instability in
France? What evidence of this political
stability exists? How did this instability
spawn the Popular Front? How did this
coalition try to deal with Great
Depression and how successful were
they? How did the Spanish Civil War
highlight to polarization of French
society in the Interwar years?
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Questions- Chapter 29
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How does the Age of Anxiety link to the rise of
fascist/totalitarian governments of the interwar
years? (not really exactly explained in the text,
but…)
Which European countries managed to hold on to
liberal democracies all of the way to World War
II? Which collapsed into relatively moderate
conservative governments? Which became
extremist conservative governments? Which
government was radical extremist in the interwar
years?
What is conservatism? What is liberalism? What
is extreme conservatism (aka reactionary
politics)?
What is the importance of technology to the
interwar Totalitarian regimes?
Who set up the new liberal democracies after
WWI? (from class lecture) Why does this make
sense? What obstacles hinder the new liberal
democracies set up after WWI?
How was an attempted communist revolution in
Hungary crushed? What type of government took
over instead? What group provided a challenge to
this new government and from what political
‘direction’ did this competing group exert power?
What unique fact separates the relatively
moderate conservative government set up in
Portugal from the other similar governments set
up in Europe?
According to our chapter, what does ‘Totalitarian’
refer to? What arguments can be made that seem
to prove that Italy, the Soviet Union, and
Germany all share characteristics and should be
lumped under this title? What arguments exist to
the contrary? What terms are used for German
and Italy if not lumping them under this
Totalitarian umbrella?
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In what way did the Soviet Union serve as a
model for Italy and Germany’s extremist
conservative regimes?
Why would a faithful Marxist reject the
Totalitarian definition given by our text?
Why did Lenin institute the NEP? Why is it
superficially counterintuitive for him to do this?
What were the basic personality types of Stalin
and Trotsky?
What was Stalin’s job and why is this important?
What were Trotsky and Stalin’s views on the
international nature of Karl Marx’s Marxism?
How did this ultimately gain Stalin some support?
How did Stalin isolate Trotsky? What was the
eventual fate of Trotsky?
What did Stalin think of the NEP? What does this
show about his political views?
How did Stalin consolidate personal power after
Trotsky’s departure?
Why did Stalin believe that the 5 Year Plans were
necessary for the Soviet Union? (several reasons)
What was the point of collectivizing agriculture in
the Soviet Union? (there are actually several?)
How did the peasants react to collectivization?
How did Stalin react to this reaction (see the
Ukraine)? Why didn’t the world erupt into outrage
over the Ukraine situation? In what ways was and
wasn’t collectivization successful? What tiny
concessions did the peasants manage to win from
the Communist government as part of
collectivization?
Know the steps that Stalin took to industrialize the
Soviet Union. Know examples of the industrial
successes of the Five Year Plans.
Know the high percent of Soviet produce that was
reinvested and the impact this had on the
immediate consumption of the peasants and
workers.
What was life like for the masses under Stalinist
rule? In particular, know about their consumption,
communist inspiration, social and economic
benefits, and the changes in the status and lifestyle
of women. In what particular field did women
thrive?
What was the key to ‘getting ahead’ as an average
Russian under Stalin’s Five Year Plans?
How did art change in the Soviet Union between
the 1920s and 1930s. Why?
How did history and religion change under Stalin?
What are the roots of Communist terror in the
Soviet Union? How are they linked to Stalin’s
wife and #2 in command?
When and what were Stalin’s purges?
How have older and newer scholars of history
interpreted Stalin’s purges?
What was Italy like (politically) in the years
before WWI? Why did the Italian government
face a wide number of challenges after WWI?
Why were many upset with the government after
the Treaty of Versailles? How did the Russian
Revolution add to the problems? How did the
Catholic Church contribute to the problems for the
liberal government?
Know that Italy’s Socialists, unlike those in other
European nations, rejected Italian participation in
WWI.
Know the basic facts about Mussolini’s early life
and political maturation. What did he feel about
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Italy’s role in World War I and how did this alter
his political ties? Know that Mussolini founded
the fascist party after the war and know how the
party’s original aim changed and who eventually
became Mussolini’s base of support.
How did Mussolini come to power? What did a
march on Rome and Victor Emmanuel III have to
do with it?
What was the crossroads that Mussolini reached
during his first year of power? What route did he
take after this crossroads? How did Mussolini
forge an alliance with the Pope?
In what sense did Mussolini moderate his new
direction? As part of the answer to this question,
know Mussolini’s role for women and how he
treated the Jews of Italy.
Ultimately, how does Mussolini’s government
stand up to the definition of the term Totalitarian?
What were the key ideas of Nazism, as expressed
in Hitler’s Mein Kampf?
Where and how was Hitler radicalized as a young
man? How did Hitler view the start of World War
I and how did he view its end?
After joining the German Worker’s Party (and
changing its name), what tactics did Hitler use
effectively to win new party members? What
factors in the early 1920s increased the
persuasiveness of Hitler’s arguments?
Know in what sense the 1923 Nazi uprising was a
success and a failure for the Nazis. (for the record,
this uprising is known as the Beer Hall Putsch)
How did Hitler take advantage of his arrest?
How did the Great Depression ‘save’ the Nazis?
How is this answer connected to the rising
popularity of the communists in Germany?
What were the results of the 1930 and 1932
elections to the Reichstag?
How did Hitler change his message in early 1930s
(several ways) to capitalize on his growing
popularity?
Who did Hitler think the smart politician should
focus on and how should he focus on this group?
How did Chancellor Bruning pave the way for
Hitler?
How did the moderate socialists and Marxists
unintentionally help Hitler get into power?
How was Hitler finally able to grab the job of
chancellor? What safeguards did important
Germans thought they had against Hitler’s
extremism?
How did the Nazis use the Reichstag fire to their
advantage? What steps did the Nazis take soon
afterwards to create a one party system?
Why did Hitler purge his own private army?
What steps did Hitler take after his rise to power
in 1933 (important!) to marginalize the Jews of
Germany? How did the Jews react? How did most
non-Jewish Germans react?
What impact does Hitler have on the economy of
Germany and how?
Did Hitler really minimize class differences in
Germany? What role did Hitler see for women?
Which groups in particular supported Hitler and
which challenged his power?
What limitations to foreign expansion did Hitler
face when he first came into power?
What prevented Hitler’s first attempted act of
aggression (involving Austria)?
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What ways (and in what order) did Hitler
challenge the Versailles Treaty? (draft, Rhineland,
Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig) How does the
invasion of the Rhineland demonstrate that Hitler
was weak and could have easily been stopped in
the early days?
How did the pacific (peace-loving) democracies
react to Hitler’s aggression? Why?
What two ideologies warred in the Spanish Civil
War? Which outside countries sent aid and
supplies, to which side, and which countries
notably did not act?
After deciding to join Hitler, what expansive
actions did Mussolini take?
Know the details of the Sudetenland crisis and the
details of the meetings between Chamberlain and
Hitler. Know why it makes sense that
Chamberlain’s deal would later be mocked by
historians.
What event officially started World War II?
Know the details of the fighting in Poland and
France in the early war. Know what the Dunkirk
rescue was.
Know the Nazi aim in the Battle of Britain, and
Hitler’s foolish change of tactics.
Know why the text argues that the invasion of the
Soviet Union was a poor idea and what the text
would have advised Hitler to do instead. Know
details of the fighting in the Soviet Union, with
special attention to Stalingrad.
What brought the U.S. and Japan into conflict
before Pearl Harbor?
What were the basic components of Hitler’s New
World Order? How did he rank Europe’s racial
groups?
Know the basic outlines of the scholarly debate in
regards to who should be blamed for the
holocaust: the top Nazis only, or regular citizens,
too.
Why was the Grand Alliance a fragile one? What
policies did the allies adopt to cement their loyalty
and determination?
Who got American military aid during the
fighting?
How did the U.S. and Britain deal with Germany
U-Boats? How did they use Britain once the naval
battle was going their way?
Know that in the Soviet Union, nationalism was
used above communism as a rallying point.
Notice how this is reflected in the Russian name
for the war.
What advantages did the Grand Alliance have
over the Axis?
What battles were the key turning points in
Africa, Russia, Western Europe, and the Pacific?
Know that the allies leaped across the
Mediterranean into Italy after their North African
victories.
What techniques did the Germans use to boost
total war production to fantastic heights?
What was the final fate of Hitler?
How was Japan finally convinced to surrender?
How many casualties were there (in the whole
war)?