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Louis Pisha
AP US History
Chapter 14: The Civil War
Preparation for War
Two Presidents Call for Troops
Opening Strategies
The Border States
Bull Run
Black Civilians
The Trent Affair
Battlefields and Emancipation
Strengths South and North
Manpower
Women at War
Fort Donelson and Shiloh
The Peninsular Campaign
The Wartime Economy
Congressional Action
Emancipation
Antietam
The Decisive Campaigns of 1863
Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg
The Siege of Vicksburg
Draft Riots
The Gettysburg Address
Chattanooga
Fort Pillow
“Men of Color to Arms”
The War’s End
The Wilderness Campaign
Presidential Leadership
Victories and the Election of 1864
Sand Creek Massacre
The March to the Sea
Five Forks
Appomattox
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▪ Americans rushed to war, and thrilled to take out their long-standing hatred by
violence, but 620,000 men killed overall
▪ Customary to say that Civil War was US passing from youth to maturity, but not
quite true
▪ Although North did not go to war over slavery, it became an issue, and certainly
was the Second American Revolution for the blacks
Preparation for War
Two Presidents Call for Troops
▪ Lincoln called up 75,000 militia, meanwhile many volunteering, and all
controversial
▪ Davis also called and eagerly got responses
Opening Strategies
▪ S withheld cotton from European market to hope to get military assistance
▪ Also invited privateers to prey on N, but N blockaded S somewhat successfully
The Border States
▪ Only Delaware clearly Union—Kentucky bitterly divided, Maryland also
▪ Lincoln instituted marshal law but almost nothing else dictatorial
▪ NC, TN, and VA split, and VA split so much that it split into WV
▪ Missouri exploded into civil war—Governor Jackson (not same one) tried to put
it in Confed.; Jayhawkers, Blair, Lyon thwarted
Bull Run
▪ N General McDowell marched into Virginia where met S Generals Johnston and
Beauregard—rebels successfully counterattacked and Union retreated
back to Washington
▪ No one short battle would end the war, and South would fight a defensive war
mainly
▪ S’s industrial capacity not as much as N but not insignificant—agrarian economy
produced a lot
▪ 1861, most fighting guerilla war in W
Black Civilians
▪ Lyon attacked Price in Missouri and killed, but Fremont came with
reinforcements and took position of president there
▪ Passed a law to deprive S of property that rebel whites’ slaves were confiscated
▪ Lincoln repudiated this and eased him out of his command
▪ DuPont (N) seized Sea Islands which had plantations—planters fled and left
behind slaves, who were taught by “hoe and trowel abolitionists” who got
them working free
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▪ Butler (N) who commanded James River called slaves contraband and should not
be returned to slaveholders
▪ Saxton on Sea Islands established land policy that allowed slaves to raise cotton
and subsistence crops—Port Royal Experiment
The Trent Affair
▪ Davis sent Slidell and Mason to Paris and London on Trent—N intercepted it and
removed them, causing European anger
▪ Lincoln didn’t want war with Britain (even if Canada the prize) so tempers
cooled and they were allowed to go
Battlefields and Emancipation
Strengths South and North
▪ South: strategy for Europe, determined army, Beauregard, Johnston, Johnston,
Polk, Lee
▪ Polk boldly thrust N into Missouri, which heartened, but the wrong strategy,
because if could simply defend self, N would eventually tire
▪ N strategy was Scott’s, called for division of South at Miss R—Anaconda Plan
(Operation Anaconda)
▪ Everyone hoped dashing young general would come along—McClellan seemed
to be him, and had great enthusiasm—also Halleck appointed, both of
which would be bad choices
Manpower
▪ Most volunteers—2,000,000 Union men and 600,000-1,000,000 Confederates—
bounties paid
▪ Enlistments even more in S, but not enough—both sides passed a draft bill
Women at War
▪ Management of families, and in S, estates
▪ Some worked in Treasury, factories, arsenals
▪ Seamstresses unionized and got government involved with their low pay for
soldiers’ clothing
▪ Worked as nurses, from Barton and Blackwell (MD) to army nurses
▪ Woman’s Central Relief Association and American Freedmen’s Aid Commission
▪ On the other hand, many saw it as rich man’s war, poor man’s fight
Fort Donelson and Shiloh
▪ Foote and Grant invaded – Grant had a bad childhood but commanded respect—
blocked Polk’s advance up Miss
▪ Foote assailed Fort Henry by sea and Grant attacked Donelson and got
unconditional surrender
▪ Halleck replaced Grant with Buell unwisely, but later got command back
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▪ While moving around, got attacked by Beauregard and Johnston, starting Battle
of Shiloh which obliterated an orchard
▪ Confederates used a charge-into-bullets tactic which worked on the first day, but
lost Johnston, and next day Feds countered successfully
▪ Very bloody battle
▪ Farragut seized New Orleans; Pope captured New Madrid, Missouri and Island
10, later Memphis, TN
▪ Gunboats raided inland TN River
▪ Halleck marched on Corinth with no effect
The Peninsular Campaign
▪ McClellan invaded peninsula of James and York Rivers
▪ Meanwhile, Monitor vs. Merrimack battle
▪ McClellan moved N and Magruder maneuvered to frustrate his plans, which he
did well and turned into an offensive and drove Union back
▪ Union ships attacked 8 miles S of Richmond
▪ Johnston retreated around Chickahominy—attacked McClellan at Seven Pines—
Howard and Johnson wounded—Confederates driven back
▪ McClellan again attacked—Lee fought battle at Gaines Mill that saved Richmond
and forced McClellan to retreat but not be destroyed
▪ Lee pursued him and McClellan turned and attacked, but rebuffed
▪ McClellan moved back to Wash, blaming failure on Lincoln’s not sending troops
The Wartime Economy
▪ North returned to protectionism in tariffs, but goods production didn’t go up too
much
▪ In contrast to expansion, interrupted steady eco growth
▪ Only a small percent of industry in Civil War actually for small arms, etc
▪ Although last great pre-industrial war, technology important—railroads, balloons,
telegraph, iron navy
▪ First total war, sort of
▪ Question of funding: taxes couldn’t pay it but Chase sold bonds (five-andtwenties), paper money (inflation)
▪ Inflation not too bad in N, but too bad in S
Congressional Action
▪ Congress passed Homestead Act of 1862 which allowed 5-yr farmer squatters to
get free farm
▪ Morrill Act gave land for colleges
▪ National Banking Act of 1863 established system of federally chartered banks
that increased role of treasury dept at expense of states
Emancipation
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▪ After Union Ball’s Bluff defeat, Congress created Joint Committee on the
Conduct of the War
▪ Congress first set free all slaves of active rebels, and then all adherents of
rebellion, but no teeth b/c no jurisdiction
▪ Lincoln didn’t want to lose support of slavery border states, but the war wearying
and needed a cause to fight for
▪ Everyone knew that slavery was the divisive issue
▪ Border states rejected offer of compensated emancipation
▪ Lincoln told Cabinet time to set slaves free, but Seward didn’t want us to look
desperate, so wait for a victory
Antietam
▪ Pope replaced McClellan and lost Bull Run2
▪ Jackson invaded and took Harpers Ferry, Hagerstown near Penn, and Lincoln
afraid so restored McClellan
▪ McClellan surprised Lee at Sharpsburg and forced Lee to withdraw across
Potomac
▪ Slim victory but at cost of 4000 lives
▪ Lincoln announced that Jan 1, 1863, all slaves in rebelling states would be free,
and signed it on that day
▪ Brought fervor to Union and discredited South abroad
▪ On the other hand, not clear N going to win
▪ Peace Democrats (Copperheads) disagreed with National Union party coalition
and wanted peace at any cost, but didn’t persuade Lincoln
▪ Lincoln believed in colonization of slaves but thought slavery wrong
▪ Bragg (Confed.) invaded Kentucky but halted by Buell and Sheridan, although
Grant driven back in W
▪ Lincoln replaced McClelland with Burnside who promptly lost horribly at
Fredericksburg
The Decisive Campaigns of 1863
Chancellorsville
▪ Burnside replaced with Hooker—aim to drive Lee back to Richmond—Hooker
placed armies well, Lee divided and attacked, Hooker went defensive,
Jackson driven back and shot—Hooker retreated
The Battle of Gettysburg
▪ Lee penetrated Union almost up to Harrisburg
▪ Hooker proposed to either attack part of Lee or Richmond—Lincoln replaced him
with Meade
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▪ Confederates attacked—Reynolds killed—Howard took command and brought
huge Union force in—Longstreet made flank attack on Union and was
inconclusive
▪ Pickett’s Charge almost broke Union lines and finished the war, but repulsed and
Lee retreated across Potomac, without Meade pursuing him
The Siege of Vicksburg
▪ Vicksburg controlled Miss –before, S frustrated Grant’s advance and turned
Sherman back too
▪ Porter came up river and took boats past firing Vicksburg with minimal loss—
joined Grant who moved behind Vicksburg
▪Johnston (S) supposed to help Pemberton (in Vicksburg) but Union force drove
him off
▪ Grant made unsuccessful assault on defensive line in back of Vicksburg
▪ Settled down into siege and on July 4, 1863, surrendered—Grant public hero
Draft Riots
▪ New draft law subjected all men 20-45 to conscription unless certain occupations
or paid $300 to government or hired substitute
▪ Target of riots were blacks who war was being fought over—hundreds killed
The Gettysburg Address
▪ Lifted country’s woes to greatness
▪ Greatest of all political speeches
▪ Said war fighting for freedom embodied in Declaration of Independence and the
great American experiment
▪ Fighting in TN over control on each side seemed vital to war—cotton planters in
delta Confederate but townspeople from E unionists
Chattanooga
▪ Rosecrans (N) seemed to keep almost defeating S but almost defeated at
Chickamauga –Thomas defended and trapped Rosecrans at Chattanooga
▪ Grant put Thomas as commander in Chattanooga and opened supply lines,
reorganized army
▪ At Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Bragg defeated and opened the way
for N to penetrate S
▪ Lincoln appointed Grant to commander of all Union forces
Fort Pillow
▪ Confederates surrounded fort which was defended by blacks and whites—
stormed it
▪ Surrendered when atrocities committed to blacks
“Men of Color to Arms”
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▪ Initially, not allowed to fight, but after Emancipation Proclamation, recruitment
of blacks too, even slaves
▪ 200,000 black men fought in Union army and navy
▪ Democrats objected, claiming lead to equality of races, but that was the point
▪ Slaves eagerly joined—rest of families often escaped to displaced persons’
camps, and despite bad treatment, stayed out of slavery
▪ Some discrimination in pay and work
▪ 54th Massachusetts assaulted Fort Wagner and lost—famous
The War’s End
The Wilderness Campaign
▪ Grant met Lee at same place as Chancellorsville—went horribly but Grant
pushed on to Spotsylvania Courthouse
▪ There, Lee turned defensive and Grant couldn’t get through – Bloody Angle
▪ Moved further south to Cold Harbor and failed again
▪ Moved further south and crossed James River and besieged Petersburg
▪ Grant had post on James River—City Point
Presidential Leadership
▪ The Union had an election which was remarkable in times of war—Confederacy,
which needed one b/c Davis might not have been the man to end the war,
didn’t have one
▪ Instead, Davis retreated from public life and quarreled with generals
▪ Davis dismissed Beauregard, Bragg, and Johnston, and put too much stock in
Lee, which showed he overvalued the Eastern theatre of war
▪ Southern leaders not as great as founding fathers, so weaker, and S based on
slavery which was not morally supportable
▪ Lincoln criticized extremely, esp. by still-kicking Democratic Party which won
some victories in 1862 and hoped to depose Lincoln
▪ Democrats wanted war over but not sure how—Vallandigham court-martialled
and Lincoln banished him—when in S, nominated for governor of Ohio
▪ Chase tried to get support for own prez nomination but looked like he was a
spoiler and diminished support—resigned and replaced with Fessenden
▪ Lincoln renominated almost unanimously—ran on National Union ticket to get
Republican and Unionist Democrat votes—committed to indivisibility of
union, crushing of rebellion, const amendment to end slavery
▪ Lincoln didn’t know what to do w/ the emancipated slaves—experiments with
wage-labor and family-farm
▪ Announced “Proclamation of Amnesty on Reconstruction” allowing any rebel to
get full pardon if pledged allegiance and return of property except slaves,
and set up new state government once 10% of people pledged
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▪ Criticized as too nice to damn rebels—got Wade-Davis Bill passed (vetoed by
Lincoln) that said 50% of people in state had to sign an oath saying never
had supported rebellion
▪ Meanwhile, 13th Amendment passed and sent out for ratification
▪ Radicals furious and not clear Lincoln going to win
Victories and the Election of 1864
▪ Sherman met Johnston, and Grant instructed him to do as much damage as
possible
▪ Skirted each other in minor engagements
▪ When Union got to Atlanta, Davis gave Johnston the boot and replaced him by
Hood, who promptly lost Atlanta after a albeit brave battle
▪ Democrats nominated McClellan who said would fight for union but not
emancipation
▪ Early with cavalry rode to Washington and small reinforcements from City Point
stopped him at Silver Spring
▪ Grant sent Sheridan to attack Early—did so at Winchester with win but no
result—then Sheridan moved into the Shenandoah Valley and destroyed
everything the Confederates could have used, including many provisions
▪ Defeated Early at Cedar Creek
▪ Lincoln won the election
▪ Taney died and Lincoln replaced him with Chase—now Lincoln’s appointees
constituted a majority and allowed martial law
Sand Creek Massacre
▪ Chivington (N) sent 1000 people to Cheyenne Reservation and killed 200
Indians—displayed scalps as symbol of valor
▪ Sioux revolt caused 38 Indians to be hanged and whole tribe driven W of
Missouri
The March to the Sea
▪ Sherman burned Atlanta and marched to the sea, leaving a swath of destruction in
his wake
▪ No massacres, but huge destruction of property
▪ Confederates began desperate offensive under Hood—attacked at Franklin, TN,
and rushed straight into bullets
▪ Thomas given command, and was so slow that Grant tried to remove him after
didn’t attack
▪ Finally attacked and defeated Hood
▪ Sherman got to Savannah and prepared for siege, but Hardee evacuated it
▪ Sherman marched to Raleigh, NC and treated Carolinas same as Georgia
▪ War had to end, because South beaten
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Five Forks
▪ Sheridan moved behind Petersburg—took 5 Forks, Petersburg cut off
▪ Again charged Petersburg and broke through
▪ Lee and government fled Richmond
Appomattox
▪ Sheridan pursued—some surrendered—Union captured Confederate supplies—
Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Courthouse and Lee surrendered his
army—Grant let troops keep their horses
▪ Lincoln went to the theater and was shot by Booth on April 14, 1865
▪ By May 26, rest surrendered
▪ Confederacy ceased to exist
▪ Wartime patriotism pushed nationalism in both regions
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