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Stage 15 RELATIVE PRONOUNS Please copy the declension of relative pronouns and interrogative adjectives (identical) from your book page 34. Relative pronouns are used to relate to or refer to some preceding word in a sentence. They serve two purposes: Refer back to the preceding word known as the antecedent. The relative pronoun takes the place of the antecedent (as the function of any pronoun is to take the place of a noun); Introduce a subordinate (or relative) clause. A relative clause has a subject and a verb separate from the subject and the verb of the main sentence (or main clause). A main clause can stand alone as its own sentence; a subordinate clause cannot do so. A relative pronoun agrees with the antecedent it replaces in gender and number. However, its 11 Stage 15 case depends upon how it is used in its own subordinate clause. The English relative pronouns are expressed by who (person), which, what, and that (things), depending on how it is used in the sentence, and whether the antecedent is a person or an object. The Latin relative pronouns are the declinable qui, quae, quod. Relative pronouns allow us to form more complicated sentences, by combining two simple sentences into one without merely using a conjunction. Aeneas was a hero. His descendants founded Rome. Use of conjunction: Aeneas was a hero and his descendants founded Rome. Use of relative pronoun: Aeneas was a hero whose descendants founded Rome. 21 Stage 15 Imagine how incredibly boring our reading and writing would be if we could only use simple sentences, or only sentences joined by conjunctions! The relative pronoun can function as the subject, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, or show possession, regardless of what the antecedent was doing. Where are the rewards that you wanted? Ubi sunt premia quae cupivisti? Rewards is the subject, and the relative pronoun, quae, referring back to it, is the direct object. The boy whom I saw was a friend. Puer quem vidi erat amicus. Boy is the subject, and the relative pronoun, quem, referring back to it, is the direct object. 31 Stage 15 In the first sentence, the relative pronoun is ____________ and its antecedent is _________. Describe its gender _____ and its number ______. The case of the antecedent is _________ because it is functioning as the __________, and the case of the relative pronoun is ___________ because it is functioning as the ______________. In the second sentence, the relative pronoun is ____________ and its antecedent is _________. Describe its gender _____ and its number ______. The case of the antecedent is _________ because it is functioning as the __________, and the case of the relative pronoun is ___________ because it is functioning as the ______________. 41 Stage 15 How do you know which relative pronoun to use? The woman who caused the Trojan War was Helen. 1. Identify the relative clause. who caused the war 2. Find the antecedent in the main clause. woman 3. Determine the gender and number of the antecedent. femina is feminine singular 4. Determine the function (and therefore the case) of the relative pronoun within the relative clause. who in its clause is the subject, therefore it is nominative 5. Select the proper form of the relative pronoun based on these steps. nominative feminine singular quae Femina quae causam belli Troiani dedit erat Helena. 51 Stage 15 Be careful! Very often, English omits the relative pronoun (but the relative clause still actually exists!!!)! Is this the book (that) the girl read? 1. relative clause: (that) the girl read 2. antecedent: the book 3. number and gender of antecedent: book is masculine singular 4. function of (that) within the relative clause: direct object accusative 5. select: accusative masculine singular quem Estne liber quem puella legit? When you use the ablative of accompaniment with a relative pronoun, the cum is joined to the end of the pronoun. Estne puellam quācum amulabas? Is that the girl with whom you were walking? 61