Download Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
Instruction & Examples Packet
English 9
Basic “Cheat Sheet”
Part of Speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Definition
Names a person, place, thing, or idea
Used in place of one or more nouns/pronouns
Used to modify (describe) a noun or pronoun.
Used to express action or a state of being.
Used to modify (describe) a verb, adjective, or adverb
Shows relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word
Joins words or word groups
Expresses emotion
NOUNS
NOUN - A word that names a person, place, thing or idea
EXAMPLES:
Person
Place
Thing
Idea
Sharon, hairstylist, Mr. Jones, teacher, astronaut
Nebraska, library, theater, mall, bedroom, Europe
Atlantic Ocean, book, t-shirt, cell phone, cow
peace, beauty, wisdom, happiness, truth, imagination
Under the “umbrella” of nouns are SIX specific types. Their definitions and examples are below.
COMMON – names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas and is not capitalized
PROPER – names a particular person, place, thing, or idea and is capitalized
EXAMPLES:
Common
Proper
scientist, woman, city, building, day
Albert Einstein, Taylor Swift, Pittsburgh, Eiffel Tower, Friday
CONCRETE – names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses
ABSTRACT – names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic
EXAMPLES:
Concrete
Abstract
cloud, poison ivy, thunder, yogurt, Mrs. Jones, rock
freedom, beauty, kindness, courage, loneliness
COMPOUND – consists of two or more words used together as a single noun
COLLECTIVE – a word that names a group
EXAMPLES:
Compound
Collective
newspaper, Iceland, fire drill, prime minister, sister-in-law
audience, committee, flock, herd, bundle, cluster, batch
PRONOUNS
PRONOUN - Used in place of one or more nouns/pronouns
ANTECEDENT – the word that a pronoun stands for or refers to.
IDENTIFYING ANTECEDENTS
The tour guide showed the students where they could see Mayan pottery.
Why did Oscar give his camera to the film school?
Under the “umbrella” of pronouns are FOUR specific types.
Their definitions and examples are below.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS – refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or
the one spoken about (third person).
EXAMPLES
First Person
I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours
Second Person
you, your, yours
Third Person
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs
I hope that they can find your apartment by following our directions.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS – used to point out a specific person, place, thing or idea.
EXAMPLES
The tacos I made taste better than those.
this, that, these, those
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS – introduces a question.
EXAMPLES
Which of the songs is your favorite?
who, whom, which, what, whose
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS – refers to one or more persons, places, ideas, or things that may or may not be
specifically named.
EXAMPLES
ALWAYS SINGULAR
ALWAYS PLURAL
another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either,
all, both, few, many,
everybody, everyone, everything, more, most, much, neither,
several
nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, some, somebody,
something, such
SINGULAR
EXAMPLE: Neither John nor Mark showed up for (his/their) shift today.
PLURAL EXAMPLE: All of the students completed (his/their) homework today.
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE - A word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun
by telling: What kind? Which one? How many?
EXAMPLES:
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
Irish lace, gray skies, lowest price
either way, next day, those girls
five fingers, one river, some problems
 The glass window needed to be washed.
Under the “umbrella” of adjectives are a few specific types.
Definitions and examples are below.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES – Words that modify nouns or pronouns
Be careful…!!!
Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative Pronouns
this, that, these, those
this, that, these, those
This, that, these, and those can be used both as adjectives and as pronouns.
Demonstrative Adjectives - modify nouns or pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns - take the place of nouns or pronouns
Let’s look at a few examples…
 Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one? (Demonstrative Adjectives)
 This is mine and that is his. (Demonstrative Pronouns)
ARTICLES – the most frequently used adjectives; there are two types – definite and indefinite
Definite Article (the)
Indefinite Article(a/an)
Refers to someone or something in particular
Refers to any member of a general group
Ex: Where is the elephant?
Ex: A girl won.
VERBS
VERB – A word that is used to express action or a state of being.
Under the “umbrella” of verbs are a few specific types.
Definitions and examples are below.
ACTION VERB – expresses either physical or mental action
EXAMPLES:
Physical Action
Mental Action
write, describe, sit, go, run, climb
remember, think, understand, consider, believe
The audience cheered the lead actors. (physical)
Henry thought about trying out for the team. (mental)
LINKING VERB – connects the subject to a word that identifies or describes the subject
Linking Verbs
EXAMPLES:
The answer is three.
The winners are happy.
Cocoa can be a very obedient dog.
Ex: be, being, am, is, are, was, were, had been, should be
HELPING VERB – helps the main verb express action or a state of being; paired with a main verb
EXAMPLES:
Helping Verbs
Ex: can, could, did, does, had, have, might, should, will
Notice how helping verbs work together with main verbs to form complete verb phrases:
She (is leaving) work at five o’clock.
John (should move) to Chicago for his new job.
Sometimes the parts of a verb phrase are interrupted by other parts of speech:
Has my sister played her new song for you?
She had always been thinking of her future.
ADVERBS
ADVERB – A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
* An adverb tells where, when, how, or to what extent (how long or how much?)
* Hint: Many, but not all, adverbs end in –ly. However, some words that are NOT adverbs also end in –ly. Be
careful and never assume an –ly word is always an adverb! 
ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS
Where?
We lived there.
Please step up.
How?
She quickly agreed.
The rain fell softly.
When?
May we go tomorrow?
Water the plant weekly.
To What Extent?
Fill the tank completely.
He hardly moved.
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
Each example below contains an adverb that modifies an adjective, telling “to what extent”.
 Beth did an exceptionally fine job.
 Slightly cooler temperatures are forecasted for this weekend.
 Mr. Lomazzi is an especially talented chef.
ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS
Each example below contains an adverb that modifies another adverb, telling “to what extent”.
 Calvin was almost never there.
 We’ll meet shortly afterward to discuss our notes.
 She slept in too late and missed the bus.
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS – a word that shows relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.
COMMONLY
USED
PREPOSITIONS
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
amid
among
around
as
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
but
by
concerning
down
during
except
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
onto
out
outside
over
past
since
through
throughout
till
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE – a group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or
pronoun.
A prepositional phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought.
EXAMPLES:
Heidi and Mrs. Braun worked at the polls today.
Next to the door of the old barn stood two horses.
Our entire family reads the newspaper in the morning.
In addition to news, the paper offers entertainment, classified ads, and much more.
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS – a word that joins words to word groups.
Under the “umbrella” of conjunctions are THREE specific types.
Their definitions and examples are below.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS – joins words or word groups that are used in the same way.
EXAMPLES
and, but, or, nor for, yet, so
Joe will meet us at the game, or he will see us later at Burger King.
Ann is small, yet she is very strong.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS – pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in
the same way.
EXAMPLES
both…and
not only…but also
either…or
neither…nor
whether…or
Both trees and flowers grow colorfully during summer.
Not only do students enjoy summer vacation, but they also enjoy Christmas.
SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS – words that show the relationship between the adverb clause and the
word or words that the clause modifies.
EXAMPLES
after
because
since
when
although
before
so that
whenever
as
even though
than
where
as if
if
though
whenever
as long as
in order that
unless
whether
as soon as
once
until
while
Since it is raining today, you should bring an umbrella along.
You may play outside whenever your homework is finished.
INTERJECTIONS
INTERJECTIONS – a word that expresses emotion.
EXAMPLES
ah
aha
boy-oh-boy
hey
hurrah
oh
oops
ouch
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
Hey! Be careful of that wire!
There’s a skunk somewhere, ugh!
Well, I guess that’s that.
I like that outfit, but, wow, it’s really expensive.
Oops! The stoop is slippery.
Our team won the playoff. Yippee!
uh-oh
well
whew
whoa
wow
yahoo
yikes
yippee