Download Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Date:
Review Sheet for Test on Muscular System
Be able to locate each of the following muscles on diagrams of the body (both anterior and posterior
views):
Muscle to Learn
Know the origins, insertions and actions of the following muscles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi
Masseter
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
quadratus lumborum
external intercostals
external oblique
rectus abdominus
trapezius
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
gluteus maximus
gracilis
biceps femoris
sartorius
popliteus
vastus lateralis
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
flexor hallucis longus
Muscles to know on a diagram, in addition to the 25 listed above:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
buccinator
zygomaticus
temporalis
diaphragm
pectoralis minor
supraspinatus
subscapularis
teres major
HAP Terms for Muscles
A band
Abductor
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
Actin
Active sites on actin filaments
Adductor
Adductor longus
ADP
Aerobic respiration
Agonist (prime mover)
All-or-none response
Anaerobic respiration
Antagonist
ATP
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
brachialis
brachioradialis
pronator teres
supinator
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum
gluteus minimus
adductor magnus
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Axon of a motor neuron
Biceps brachii
Biceps femoris
Bone
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Buccinator
Calcium
Cardiac muscle
Circumduction
Contraction
Cramp
Creatine
Creatine phosphate
Deltoid
psoas major
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
soleus
extensor digitorum
longus
Depression
Elevation
Endurance
Eversion
Extensor
External oblique
Fascicle
Fast fibers
Fatigue
First-class lever
Flexor
Frontalis
Fulcrum
Gastrocnemius
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Glycogen
Gracilis
H zone
Heads of myosin filaments
Hemoglobin
Hypertrophy
I band
Insertion
Inversion
Lactic acid
Latissimus dorsi
Lever
Linea alba
M line
Masseter
Mitochondria
Motor unit
Multinucleated
Muscle cell
Muscle tension
Muscle twitch
Myofibril
Myofilaments
Myoglobin
Myosin
Nerve impulse
Neuromuscular junction
Neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
Obicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi
Origin
Oxygen debt
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Platysma
Power
Pronation
Recruitment
Rectus abdominis
Rectus femoris
Relaxation
Resistance
Retraction
Rhomboideus
Rotation
Sarcolemma
Sarcomere
Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sartorius
Second-class lever
Serratus anterior
Skeletal muscle
Sliding filament theory
Slow fibers
Smooth muscle
Soleus
Sternocleidomastoid
Summation
Supination
Sustained contraction
Synaptic cleft
Synaptic vesicle
Synergist
Temporalis
Tendon
Tetanus
Third-class lever
Threshold stimulus
Tibialis anterior
Transverse tubules
Trapezius
Triceps brachii
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Z line
Zygomaticus
Be able to:
o
draw and label all the parts of a muscle, a muscle cell, a neuromuscular junction, a sarcomere, etc.
Be able to draw, label, and explain the sliding filament theory and give the series of events for a
muscle to contract or relax
o
o
answer all of the 12 questions about muscle structure and function
o
o
recognize graphs as well as create graphs of different kinds of contraction
o
o
explain what types of tissues are associated with the muscles, and why
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
give the significance of the finger fitness and biceps-book labs in terms of muscle structure and
function
explain the five overall functions of the muscular system:
o produce skeletal movement
o maintain posture and body position
o support soft tissues (skeletal muscle on abdominal cavity and floor of pelvic cavity to
support weight of visceral organs and to protect from injury)
o guard entrances and exits (voluntary control over swallowing, urination, and defecation)
o maintain body temperature (75% of ATP is lost as heat, while only 25% is actually used
as work in the contraction and relaxation of muscles)
define and use all of the terms on the review sheet for the quiz on muscles, as well as any you have
learned since then
give (and explain) the two factors that determine the amount of muscle tension as a whole:
o the frequency of stimulation
o the number of muscle fibers stimulated
recognize that there are different kinds of contractions, but that all normal activities require
sustained muscle contractions
explain why our muscles create lactic acid – know the details
o aerobic respiration only produces ATP and CO2
o anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid
explain what power and endurance are:
o power is the maximum amount of tension produced by a particular muscle or muscle
group
o endurance is the amount of time for which the individual can perform a particular activity
explain how tension is related to power:
o the tension produced by a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of
sarcomeres
give the two major factors that determine the performance capabilities of any skeletal muscle:
o the types of muscle fibers in the muscle
o physical conditioning or training
explain the differences among the three types of skeletal muscle fibers in the body:
o fast fibers (also known as white muscle fibers, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, and Type IIA fibers)
 most of skeletal muscle in body
 contract in 0.01 sec or less after stimulation
 large in diameter
 contain densely packed myofibrils
 contain large glycogen reserves
 have relatively few mitochondria
 muscles dominated by fast fibers produce powerful contractions
 fatigue rapidly because their contractions use massive amounts of ATP, so
prolonged activity is supported primarily by anaerobic metabolism
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
slow fibers (also known as red muscle fibers, slow twitch oxidative fibers, and Type I
fibers)
 half the diameter of fast fibers
 take three times as long to contract after stimulation
 specialized to enable them to continue contracting for extended periods (long
after a fast muscle would have become fatigued)
 contains more extensive network of capillaries, with dramatically higher oxygen
supply
 contain red pigment myoglobin (skeletal muscles dominated by slow fibers are
dark red)
 more mitochondria than fast fibers
 less dependent on anaerobic respiration
 some of the mitochondrial energy production involves the breakdown of stored
lipids rather than glycogen
 therefore, lower glycogen reserves
intermediate fibers (also known as fast-twitch oxidative fibers and Type II-B fibers)
 closely resemble fast fibers in appearance
 more extensive capillary network than fast fibers
 much less myoglobin than slow fibers
 more resistant to fatigue than fast fibers
explain that in muscles that contain a mixture of fast and intermediate fibers, the proportion of
fibers can change with conditioning
o if a muscle is used repeatedly for an endurance event, some of the fast fibers will develop
the appearance and functional capabilities of intermediate fibers (and as a whole, the
muscle will become much more resistant to fatigue)
give examples of muscles of each type:
o no slow fibers in the muscles of the eye or the hand (contractions must be swift and brief)
o many back and calf muscles are dominated by slow fibers (muscles contract almost
continuously to maintain posture)
explain how the percentage of fast versus slow fibers in each muscle is genetically determined (but
the proportion of intermediate fibers to fast fibers can increase as a result of athletic training)
explain how muscles get larger as a result of repeated, exhaustive stimulation
o develop more mitochondria, a higher concentration of glycolytic enzymes, and larger
glycogen reserves
o more myofibrils with more thick and thin filaments
o hypertrophy is the net effect: an enlargement of stimulated muscle
 number of muscle fibers does not change significantly, but the muscle as a
whole enlarges because each muscle fiber increases in diameter
 occurs in muscle that have been repeatedly stimulated to produce near-maximal
tension
explain how physical conditioning and training enable athletes to improve both power and
endurance
o anaerobic endurance is the length of time muscular contraction can continue to be
supported by glycolysis and by the existing energy reserves of ATP and CP
o Anaerobic endurance is limited by:
 amount of ATP and CP on hand
 the amount of glycogen available for breakdown
 the ability of the muscle to tolerate the lactic acid generated during the anaerobic
period (usually, muscle fatigue begins within 2 minutes of the start of maximal
activity)
o
o
o
o
o
give examples of activities that require above average levels of anaerobic endurance and use fast
fibers
o 50-meter dash or swim
o pole vault
o weight-lifting competition
 the energy for the first 10 – 20 seconds comes from ATP and CP reserves of the
sarcoplasm
 then, glycogen breaks down through glycolysis to provide more energy
 athletes training to improve anaerobic endurance perform frequent, brief,
intensive workouts that stimulate hypertrophy
give examples of activities that are aerobic and use slow fibers
o aerobic endurance is the length of time a muscle can continue to contract while supported
by mitochondrial activities
o aerobic endurance is determined by the availability of substrates for aerobic respiration
(carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids)
o initially, many of the nutrients catabolized by the muscle fiber are obtained from reserves
in the sarcoplasm
o prolonged activity is supported by nutrients from blood
o warm-up periods are important because they stimulate circulation in the muscles before
serious workout begins
 training to improve aerobic endurance involves sustained low levels of muscular
activity
 jogging
 distance swimming
 any other exercises that do not require peak tension production
explain the two ways that aerobic endurance can result from altering the characteristics of muscle
fibers and improving the performance of the cardiovascular system: 1) altering the characteristics
of muscle fibers and 2) improving cardiovascular performance
o the composition of fast and slow fibers in each muscle is genetically determined, and the
individual differences are significant
o variations affect aerobic endurance because a person with more slow fibers in a particular
muscle will be better able to perform under aerobic conditions than will a person with
fewer
o skeletal muscle cells respond to changes in the pattern of neural stimulation
o fast fibers trained for aerobic competition develop the characteristics of intermediate
fibers, which improves aerobic endurance
o cardiovascular activity affects muscular performance by delivering oxygen and nutrients
to active muscles
o physical training alters cardiovascular function by accelerating blood flow, improving
oxygen and nutrient availability
explain why interval training benefits all those who participate in aerobic activities that are
punctuated by brief periods of anaerobic effort
o a combination of aerobic and anaerobic exercises will enlarge muscles and both
anaerobic and aerobic endurance will improve
explain the three classes of levers in the human body
o first-class: fulcrum lies between the applied force and the resistance (extension of the
neck)
o second-class: the resistance is located between the applied force and the fulcrum
 example is a wheelbarrow (a small force can balance a larger weight because the
force is farther from the fulcrum than the resistance is)
 plantar flexion: the calf muscles use a second-class lever
o
o
o
o
third-class: a force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum
 example is a ladder that you raise against a building (the fulcrum is the base of
the ladder, in contact with the ground; force is applied where you grasp the
ladder, and the resistance is the weight of the ladder between your hands and the
free end)
 the effect of a third-class lever is that speed and distance traveled are increased
at the expense of effective force (biceps brachii – the resistance is six times
farther from the fulcrum than is the applied force)
 in the biceps brachii, the muscle must generate 180 kg of tension at its
attachment to the forearm to support 30 kg held in the hand
 the load will ravel 45 cm when the point of attachment moves 7.5 cm (the
distance traveled and the speed of movement are increased by the same 6:1
ratio)
explain that while not every muscle operates as part of a lever system, the presence of levers
provides speed and versatility far in excess of what we would predict on the basis of muscle
physiology alone:
o a skeletal muscle that can contract in 500 msec and shorten 1 cm while it exerts a 10-kg
pull, using a lever, can move 20 kg a distance of 0.5 cm, 5 kg a distance of 2 cm, or 1 kg
a distance of 10 cm
give the three kinds of muscles, based on their size and range of motion:
o agonist (prime mover): muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for a particular
movement
o antagonist: muscle whose action opposes that of the muscle under consideration (triceps
and biceps brachii are antagonistic; if one produces flexion, the other will produce
flexion)
 agonist/antagonist pairs: flexors/extensors and abductors/adductors
o synergist: a muscle that helps a larger agonist work more efficiently
 example: latissimus dorsi extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder
joint; teres major assists in starting such movements when the should joint is at
full flexion
 synergists may also assist and agonist by preventing movement at another joint
and thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist (fixators)
explain how the origin and insertion of a muscle help to produce a specific muscle action
(movement)
o origin
 the site at which the muscle begins, where the muscle remains stationary attached to a bone or structure that doesn’t move (usually always proximal to the
insertion)
o insertion
 the site at which the muscle ends (usually always distal to the origin)
o example: gastrocnemius has its origin at the femur and its insertion at the calcaneus
o if a muscle extends between a broad aponeurosis and a narrow tendon, the aponeurosis is
the origin and the tendon is the insertion (sometimes a muscle can have multiple origins
and a single insertion if there are several tendons at one end)